A review on Hyalomma species infestations on human and animals and progress on management strategies

Abstract

The Hyalomma species of ticks have gained additional attention due to their role in the transmission of Theileria annulata infection in animals and the Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus in humans. Apart from these, many other pathogens viz., other species of Theileria, a few species of Babesia, Rickettsia and viruses are either maintained or transmitted by this tick species. The medium to large size species with longer proboscis has inflicted additional burden on the overall impact of tick infestations. Being a multi-host species, management of the species is very challenging. Presently, the traditional method of tick management using chemical acaricides is found insufficient and unsustainable. Henceforth, the overall burden of tick infestations and tick-borne diseases are increasing gradually. After the successful development of vaccines against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, the anti-Hyalomma vaccine is considered a feasible and sustainable management option. In the recent past research on herbal acaricides and its possible application for tick control seems promising. Other eco-friendly methods are still under experimental stage. The present review is focused on impact of Hyalomma species infestation on human and animal health with special emphasis on progress on its sustainable management.

Climate change related (re)emergingdiseases in cattle in the Netherlands : the possible use of natural (plant) substances in an integrated approach

“…Resistance to commonly used insecticides plays a role, not only in terms that a vector cannot be eradicated efficiently (and may get the evolutionary advantage of greater capacity), but also that residues in the environment can influence biodiversity and ecosystems (Benelli, 2020;Kumar et al, 2020;Rocklöv and Dubrow , 2020;Caminade et al, 2019).…”

“…With regards to surveillance/forecasting of (re)emerging diseases multiple authors argue that good surveillance systems are an absolute necessity, but that practical implementation can prove difficult due to the complexity of the intertwinement of climate change with a lot of other factors (Kumar et al, 2020;Rocklöv and Dubrow ;, Springer et al, 2020aBartlow et al, 2019;Gale et al, 2010).…”

“…Therefore integrated approaches such as integrated surveillance and habitat management systems, vaccines and the use of natural substances to keep vector burden low are researched at the moment (Kumar et al, 2020). Global interdisciplinary collaboration is desirable as many of the emerging diseases are zoonotic with animals being potential reservoirs for disease in humans (Folly et al, 2020;Springer et al, 2020a;Bartlow et al, 2019).…”

“…Ticks are widely known as carrier of disease for various species. Apart from transmitting disease they can also cause irritation and stress leading to compromised welfare and productivity as well as possible anaemia by blood sucking (Kumar et al, 2020). Within the temperate regions of Europe Ixodes ricinus is a common vector of tick-borne disease in domestic and wild animals (inclusive birds)…”

“…It outlines roles and responsibilities for both Member States and WHO's secretariat. The increasing resistance to commonly used anti-parasitic drugs such as acaricides has also been named as one of the problems in (re)emerging diseases (Kumar et al, 2020;Rocklöv and Dubrow , 2020;Caminade et al, 2019).…”