A Review on Hyphenated Techniques in Analytical Chemistry

Abstract

Background: In chemical and pharmaceutical analysis, hyphenated techniques range from the combinations involving, separation-separation, separation-identification & identification-identification techniques and are widely used nowadays, as they hold many advantages like, fast accurate analysis, higher degree of automation, higher sample throughput, better reproducibility, specificity and sensitivity. They also reduce contamination due to closed systems and offer simultaneous separation and quantification, leading to better analysis. Objective: : Though, many reviews have appeared on hyphenated analytical techniques till date, in past one decade their use has increased manifold and therefore, we thought it imperative to review the latest progress in this field. In the present article, attempt has been made to cover the more latest information on various hyphenated techniques like LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy), GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy), LC-IR (Liquid Chromatography-Infra-Red Spectroscopy), as well as, LC-MS-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy-Mass Spectroscopy), LC-NMR-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Mass Spectroscopy) etc. Conclusion: : This review describes, a total of seventeen different hyphenated techniques, comprising mainly of the combinations of chromatographic techniques with spectroscopic techniques. We have tried to cover latest information on various double hyphenated techniques like LC-MS , LC-NMR, LC-IR, HPTLC-MS, HPTLC-IR, GC-MS, GC-IR, GC-TLC, GC-AES, MS-MS, CE-MS, GC-NMR, as well as, triple hyphenated techniques like LC-MS-MS, LC-NMR-MS, LC-UV-MS, GC-MS-MS, GC-IR-MS. Mainly the principle, instrumentation, applications, advantages of each of the techniques are discussed in this review. Also disadvantages of a few techniques have been mentioned.

Advancements in solvent microextraction: Recent developments and diverse applications in the modern era

“…Applied in environmental, pharmaceutical, and food analyses for traces. [39,114,115] Complexity Generally, simpler setup using a syringe, solvent, and container.…”

“…These include its simple extraction process, quick turnaround time, low solvent and sample consumption, and flexibility in different analytical methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) [38], chromatography, and spectroscopy. Consequently, SDME has demonstrated its effectiveness as a straightforward and swift method for preparing smaller samples and selectively extracting and concentrating specific molecules from intricate sample mixtures [39].…”

Recent application of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry in plant materials analysis with emphasis on traditional Chinese herbal medicine

“…Therefore, many strategies have been developed for the component analysis of TCHM, and most of them are based on chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), and their hyphenated technicals, such as gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), capillary electrophoresis-MS (CE-MS). Many publications have confirmed the advantages of these approaches (Baviskar et al, 2022, Chen et al, 2019, Zhu et al, 2018, including high-resolution, excellent reproducibility, and incomparable quantification ability. However, complex sample treatments before analysis make these methods not applicable for the in situ analysis, and the relatively long analysis duration also limits their throughputs.…”

Incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) in clinical bioanalysis—Is it really a one‐size‐fits‐all solution?

“…The field of clinical bioanalysis for small drug molecules has exponentially increased over the last several decades. The generation of comprehensive clinical pharmacology data supporting new drug approvals has been propelled not only by the explosive growth in technology, newer systems, and adaptations to hyphenated techniques but also by a well-directed regulatory framework and guidance (Baviskar et al, 2022;EMA, 2022;ICH M10, 2023;Rappold, 2022aRappold, , 2022bUSFDA, 2018).…”