A Review on Image Sensor Communication and Its Applications to Vehicles

Abstract

Image sensor communication (ISC), also known as optical camera communication, is a form of visible light communication that utilizes image sensors rather than a single photodiode, for data reception. ISC offers spatial separation properties and robustness to ambient noise, making it suitable for outdoor applications such as intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). This review analyzes the research trends in ISC, specifically concerning its application in ITSs. Our focus is on various ISC receivers, including rolling shutter cameras, global shutter high-speed cameras, optical communication image sensors, and event cameras. We analyze how each of these receivers is being utilized in ISC vehicular applications. In addition, we highlight the use of ISC in range estimation techniques and the ability to achieve simultaneous communication and range estimation. By examining these topics, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of ISC technology in ITSs and its potential for future development.

Row Detection BASED Navigation and Guidance for Agricultural Robots and Autonomous Vehicles in Row-Crop Fields: Methods and Applications

“…The imaging principle of a monocular camera is to generate a projection onto the camera plane, reflecting the threedimensional (3D) world in a two-dimensional (2D) form [22]. According to different signal readout processes, monocular cameras are usually divided into two kinds of image sensors: the charge-coupled device (CCD) and the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) [23]. The advantages of the monocular camera include a simple structure, low cost, and low power consumption, making it a convenient tool for crop row detection.…”

Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Optical Camera Communication System for Indoor Applications

“…Previous studies [ 6 , 7 ] have determined that OCC system performances depend on the camera type and image quality. Two widely used camera types are presently available, namely rolling-shutter and global-shutter cameras [ 8 , 9 ]. In the case of the global-shutter camera, the OCC data rate is contingent on the camera’s frame rate, ensuring that the sampling rate meets the Nyquist sampling criterion.…”

Experimental research on image demodulation for optical camera communication

“…OCC codes and modulates the transmission data to be input at the sending end, and the coding prevents the occurrence of LED light source stroboscopic as far as possible. 3 Because if people's eyes are exposed to the stroboscopic environment for a long time, the result can be eye fatigue, distraction, and in serious cases, headache, autism, blurred vision and other neurological diseases. The CMOS optical camera at the receiving end is equipped with a high-resolution CMOS image sensor, 4 and its roller shutter effect can greatly improve the data rate compared to the global shutter effect.…”

“…OCC codes and modulates the transmission data to be input at the sending end, and the coding prevents the occurrence of LED light source stroboscopic as far as possible 3 . Because if people’s eyes are exposed to the stroboscopic environment for a long time, the result can be eye fatigue, distraction, and in serious cases, headache, autism, blurred vision and other neurological diseases.…”