A Review on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1st to 6th Report

Ekah, Bassey Jeremiah; Akwagiobe, J. U.; Udo, Sunday O.; Ewona, I. O.

doi:10.9734/psij/2023/v27i1775

PSIJ

2023

DOI: 10.9734/psij/2023/v27i1775

|View full text |Cite

A Review on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1st to 6th Report

Bassey Jeremiah Ekah

J. U. Akwagiobe

Sunday O. Udo

et al.

Abstract: This article reviews the first to sixth report of the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The types of greenhouse gases, sources of greenhouse gases and the impact of climate change on man, animals and the environment has been identified. The strategies to combat climate change has been studied in these reports. A review of these reports are necessary and it is an obligatory document required to combat the adverse effects of climate change and global warming.

Help me understand this report

Search citation statements

Order By: Relevance

Paper Sections

Select...

Citation Types

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Year Published

2024

Publication Types

Select...

Preprint2

Relationship

Self Cite0

Independent2

Authors

Journals

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Evaluation of Hazard Quotient (Hq) of Toxic and Heavy Metal Concentration in Air Sediments Across Selected Cities in Nigeria

Ewona,

Ekah,

Akwagiobe

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study evaluates air quality index (HQ) from toxic and heavy metal concentration across selected cities in Nigeria. Gravitational sedimentation method was used to collect air sediments to extract toxic and heavy metals contained in air particulates. Funnel shaped collectors securely attached to clean empty containers were exposed in open spaces at designated locations within the city, for a period of nine months, covering the two major seasons in Nigeria. (January to September, 2023). Airborne particles were allowed to settle naturally in the container along with rainwater. Samples from various points in a city were put together for laboratory analyses. This procedure was repeated in five other cities covering various geographical and climatic regions in Nigeria. The cities include: Benin (S1), Kano (S2), Abuja (S3), Lagos (S4), Enugu (S5), and Calabar (S6). The average concentration of toxic and carcinogenic elements reveals that salinity exhibits the highest HQ at 21.25, followed by nickel (Ni) at 4.58, magnesium (Mg) at 4.43, lead (Pb) at 3.66, chlorine (Cl) at 1.83, and chromium (Cr) at 1.06. Conversely, elements such as; Ar:0.3, NH3:0.042, Al:0.36, CO:0.02, Cu:0.11, Zn:0.01, K:0.36, NO2:0.32, NO3:0.042, Fe:0.31 and Na:0.18 have HQs below 1, indicating safe exposure levels. Cadmium (Cd) displays the highest HQ in Kano (S2) at 2.33, suggesting significant health risks, including cancer and kidney failure. Nickel’s highest HQ is recorded in Edo State, Benin (S1) at 5.5, linked to bronchitis, asthma, and skin irritation. Manganese (Mn) has the highest HQ in Enugu (S5) at 16, with potential for lung inflammation, liver damage, and cognitive impairment. Lead (Pb) shows the highest HQ in Kano (S2) and Calabar (S6) at 8, associated with kidney damage and developmental issues. Salinity’s highest HQ is found in Abuja (S3) at 32.74, impacting water quality and health. Chromium (Cr) exhibits the highest HQ in Kano (S2) at 1.3, potentially causing lung cancer and bronchitis. Potassium (K) exceeds an HQ of 1 only in Kano (S2) at 1.05, posing risks of hyperkalemia and kidney issues. Elements with HQs below 1, including aluminum, cobalt, copper, zinc, nitrite, fluoride, sodium, and conductivity, are deemed safe for human exposure. This study highlights the critical need for monitoring and mitigating exposure to elements with high HQs to protect public health in these urban areas.

show abstract

Evaluation of Hazard Quotient (Hq) of Toxic and Heavy Metal Concentration in Air Sediments Across Selected Cities in Nigeria

Ewona,

Ekah,

Akwagiobe

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Evaluation of Chemical and Elemental Analyses of Airborne Particulate Matter in Nigeria

Ewona,

Ekah,

Akwagiobe

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article evaluates air quality index (AQI) from toxic and heavy metal concentration across selected cities in Nigeria. Gravitational sedimentation method was used to collect air sediments to extract toxic and heavy metals present in airborne particulates. Funnel shaped collectors securely attached to clean empty containers were exposed in open spaces at designated locations within the city, for a period of nine months, covering the two major seasons in Nigeria (January to September, 2023). Airborne particles were allowed to settle naturally in the container along with rainwater. Samples from various points in a city were put together for laboratory analyses. This procedure was repeated in five other cities covering various geographical and climatic regions in Nigeria. The locations include: Benin, Lagos, Calabar in the South and Abuja, Enugu and kano in the North. The samples were analyzed for elemental concentration using spectroscopy. Data for PM 2.5 was donated by Penn State University purple air quality network in Nigeria. MATLAB, SPSS and MS excel software were used to prepare the data for analyses. Air quality indices for the studied locations were determined. The associated AQI colour codes reflect health concern levels. The results show maximum concentration values as follows: PM2.5 (1350), Pb (566), Ni (458), and Mn (443) indicate hazardous levels, Cd (183) indicates unhealthy levels, Fe (130) and Cr (106) show unhealthy levels for sensitive groups, K (86) shows moderate levels, while elements compounds like NO2 (32.83), Al (30), F (11), Cu (11.53), NO3 (4.16), CO (3.13), and Zn (1.43) fall within safer levels. The results further reveal that the air in Benin carries hazardous levels for Ni (550) and Pb (400), While Kano reveals very unhealthy levels of Pb (800) and Ni (490) levels in the air; Abuja air also has high levels of Pb (600) and Ni (490), while Lagos has high levels of Ni (430). Enugu on the other hand presents extremely high values for Mn (1600), Pb (500), and Ni (310).

show abstract

scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.

Contact Info

customersupport@researchsolutions.com

10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614

Henderson, NV 89052, USA

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Blog Terms and Conditions API Terms Privacy Policy Contact Cookie Preferences Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information

Made with 💙 for researchers

Part of the Research Solutions Family.

A Review on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1st to 6th Report

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Evaluation of Hazard Quotient (Hq) of Toxic and Heavy Metal Concentration in Air Sediments Across Selected Cities in Nigeria

Evaluation of Hazard Quotient (Hq) of Toxic and Heavy Metal Concentration in Air Sediments Across Selected Cities in Nigeria

Evaluation of Chemical and Elemental Analyses of Airborne Particulate Matter in Nigeria

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About