A review on lactoferrin as a proton pump inhibitor

Camel Milk: Antimicrobial Agents, Fermented Products, and Shelf Life

“…The concentration of LF in CM is significantly higher than that in BM [24]. LF, naturally obtained from milk, exhibits a diverse range of biological properties, such as antiparasitic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant [35,40]. LF potentially modulates the immune system of the intestine, offering natural and sustainable strategies for managing infectious diseases [41].…”

Colostrum and Lactoferrin Protect against Side Effects of Therapy with Antibiotics, Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Steroids, and Psychophysical Stress: A Comprehensive Review

“…All of these effects of LF positively affect many aspects of our health, playing a particularly important role in the development of newborns and infants, as well as in older patients treated for a variety of infections (including bacteremia and sepsis) and during convalescence after serious diseases, surgery or chemotherapy [ 60 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ]. LF may be regarded as a “biological drug” which is active by systemic (oral, intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous) and topical (on mucous membranes and skin) administration [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ]. An overview of LF activity is shown in Figure 3 .…”

“…Direct effects of LF on microbes include: • binding iron ions and removing them from the microbe growth environment; • damage to cell structures (mainly cell membranes and walls and mitochondria), which leads to osmotic disruption and limited nutrition, resulting in microbe cells being weakened or killed; • induction of apoptotic death of infected cells, which restricts the spread of infection; • inhibiting pathogen adhesion to epithelial cells, which prevents the development of infection; • enzymatic destruction of virulence factors (e.g., enzymes and receptors) produced by pathogens; • inhibiting proton pumps (both H + /K + ATPases and V-ATPases); • inhibiting the formation of biofilms on the surfaces of affected epithelia, implants, medical prostheses, etc. ; • forming reactive oxygen species, which signal the inflammatory process and are toxic to microbes; • promoting growth of commensal physiological microflora on the skin and mucosa surfaces (these microbes compete with pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microbiota, thus restricting their growth) [ 58 , 60 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 76 , 79 ].…”

“…LF, in addition to its antimicrobial effect, exhibits IPP-like activity, inhibiting both H+/K+-ATPase and V-ATPase. The protein was shown to be more active at acidic pH and had a good safety profile [ 79 , 108 ]. This LF activity may further enhance the efficacy of classical therapy used in H. pylori eradication.…”