A Review on Metformin: Clinical Significance and Side Effects

Abstract

Metformin is a biguanide that has been used extensively worldwide for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. It improves glycaemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity in liver and muscle. An advantage of metformin treatment is the tendency of weight reduction and the absence of significant hypoglycaemia; blood glucose levels are reduced only to normal as it does not stimulate insulin secretion. Metformin also has a beneficial effect on several cardiovascular risk factors including dyslipidemia, elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 levels, other fibrinolytic abnormalities, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. Metformin enhances muscle and adipocyte insulin receptor number and/or affinity, increases insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, stimulates glucose transport and glycogen synthesis, and reduces both hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. The disadvantages are confined to the gastro-intestinal side effects and the potential risk of vitamin B 12 and folic acid deficiency during long-term use. These side effects can be minimized by slow titration and consumption with meals. The under lying mechanism for gastrointestinal intolerance are proposed to be stimulation of intestinal secretion of serotonin, alteration in incretin and metabolism of glucose, and malabsorption of bile salts. Lactic acidosis is rare contraindication associated with metformin. Most reported cases of lactic acidosis occur in patients with contraindications, particularly impaired renal function. Metformin has a good safety profile, efficacy and comparatively reduced cost. Its ability to improve insulin sensitivity and the cardiovascular risk profile of type II diabetic patients has enhanced its clinical use as first-line therapy.

Metformin HCl Oral Preparation Exhibits Anticancer Activity In-vitro in a Human Non-small Cell Lung Tumour Cell Line

“…According to the recommendations of the major diabetic organizations, this is the first-Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (eISSN 2636-9346) Mal J Med Health Sci 19(3): 64-71, May 2023 choice drug for usage as monotherapy in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The active element of this medicine, galegine, was discovered in aqueous solutions of the herb Galega officinalis and since the late 1990s, metformin has been the preferred choice in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (6). Metformin is frequently used as part of a combination treatment when monotherapy is no longer beneficial (7).…”