A review on microplastic emission from textile materials and its reduction techniques

Periyasamy, Aravin Prince; Tehrani‐Bagha, Ali Reza

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109901

Cited by 156 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Fibers migrated from the masks to a higher extent than fragments ( Table 3 ), and this was probably linked to the fact that clothing material tends to release particles in form of fibers [ 22 ]. The fragment’s fraction released by face masks consisted of PP with 0–25% of total fragments, followed by PA fragments that were detected in three masks in percentages from 21 to 33% of total fragments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of Microplastics and Phthalates from Face Masks to Water

et al. 2022

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Since the outbreak of COVID-19, face masks have been introduced in the complex strategy of infection prevention and control. Face masks consist of plastic polymers and additives such as phthalates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the migration of microplastics (MP) and phthalates from face masks to water. Four types of masks including FFP2 masks and surgical were studied. Masks were first characterized to determine the different layers and the material used for their fabrication. Then, masks were cut into 20 pieces of 0.5 cm2, including all their layers, placed in water, and the migration of MP and phthalates was evaluated according to the conditions stated in EU Regulation No 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. For MP, the morphological analysis (shape, dimension, particle count) was performed using a stereomicroscope, while the identification of both masks and MP released was conducted using μ-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-FT-IR). Migration of phthalates was assessed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). Face masks analyzed in the present study were made of atactic polypropylene (PP) as stated by the manufacturer. The μ-FT-IR confirmed that PP and polyamide (PA) were released as fragments, while both PP and polyester (PES) were released as fibers. In addition, 4 phthalates were identified at concentrations between 2.34 and 21.0 µg/mask. This study shows that the migration study can be applied to evaluate the potential release of MP and phthalates from face masks to water and could give a hint for the potential impact of their incorrect disposal on the aquatic resources.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of Microplastics and Phthalates from Face Masks to Water

et al. 2022

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“…In support of our result, Ziajahromi et al (2017) found that PET fibers and particles are the most abundant microplastics in the effluent of different WWTP. Polymers identified as PET is a transparent component that is used in food packaging as well as water bottles and may also come from a variety of textile and clothing such as garments, mattresses, pillows, and tablecloths (Jiang et al, 2022; Periyasamy & Tehrani‐Bagha, 2022). Based on Murphy et al (2016), alkyds (28.7%), polystyrene acrylic (19.1%), polyester (10.8%), polyurethane (8.9%), and acrylic (8.3%) were the most frequent polymers in the influent of the wastewater treatment plant.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, other polymers in lower abundance were detected like perfluoro alkoxy alkane (6%), polyacrylonitrile (4%), poly bisphenol A carbonate (4%), polymethyl methacrylate (2%), nylon 6,12 (2%), fluorinated ethylene propylene (2%), polylactic acid (2%), and polytrimethylene teraphatalate (2%). Due to the excellent chemical resistance of PPSU, it is ideal for components exposed to high temperatures and Polymers identified as PET is a transparent component that is used in food packaging as well as water bottles and may also come from a variety of textile and clothing such as garments, mattresses, pillows, and tablecloths (Jiang et al, 2022;Periyasamy & Tehrani-Bagha, 2022).…”

Section: Polymer Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, identification, and discharge of microplastics from effluent and sludge of the largest WWTP in Iran—South of Tehran

Oveisy

Rafiee

Rahmatpour

et al. 2022

Water Environment Research

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Microplastic pollution is a serious threat to the biota and humans, and wastewater treatment plants act as a pathway for entering microplastics into the environment. This study discusses the identification and quantification of microplastics in the south of Tehran municipal WWTP. The sampling was repeated three times in a month, overall, nine times for water samples and once a month in total, three times for digested sludge samples by steel bucket with the WPO method. The microplastics from water and digested sludge samples were identified using the micro‐Raman microscope. According to this study, 98.9% of microplastic particles in effluent and 99.2% of microplastics particles in the sludge were fibers. The influent contained an average of 180 ± 4.3 MP/L and was reduced to 5.3 ± 0.31 MP/L in the final effluent. Despite this significant reduction, we calculate that this WWTP releases 2.3 × 109 microplastics per day through final effluent and 1.61 × 1010 particles per day through dried sludge into the environment. We performed micro‐Raman analyses and ICP mass to measure the amount of heavy metal absorption of MPs. In addition, SEM analyses were used to study the surface morphology of microplastic particles. Practitioner Points Fourteen different polymers were identified in the influent, effluent, and digested sludge. The main collected shapes obtained were fiber, film, and fragment, which fiber was the predominant polymer in this WWTP. The plant releases 2.3 * 109 MPs per day to its downstream environment. This WWTP has average removal with an efficiency of 99.06%.

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“…Textile processes are responsible for 20% of global water pollution and the washing of synthetic garments contributes to about 35% of the global release of primary microplastics. These materials are not retained during the filtration systems of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and, therefore, enter the marine ecosystem directly [6].…”

Section: What Is Plastic?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Analysis of Standard Microplastics

Mossotti¹,

Fontana²,

Anceschi³

et al. 2023

Environmental Sciences

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Over 14 million tons of microplastic have been accumulated in water resources and they are increasing yearly. About 8% of European microplastic released into the water are from synthetic textiles. This kind of microplastic is generally in the form of microfilaments. They have a higher potential to enter the food chain due to their size and shape. Although microfilaments generate great concern, no precise guidelines for their quantification and qualification are yet available. Thus, in this chapter, the origin of microfilaments is fully investigated. After that, a novel approach for identifying and counting microplastic with fiber shape is presented. An accurate method for preparing microfilament standard suspensions is described to facilitate lab tests and have a reliable methodology for monitoring microplastic pollution.

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A review on microplastic emission from textile materials and its reduction techniques

Cited by 156 publications

References 101 publications

Migration of Microplastics and Phthalates from Face Masks to Water

Migration of Microplastics and Phthalates from Face Masks to Water

Occurrence, identification, and discharge of microplastics from effluent and sludge of the largest WWTP in Iran—South of Tehran

Preparation and Analysis of Standard Microplastics

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