A review on MXene for energy storage application: effect of interlayer distance

Abstract

To meet the energy needs batteries and supercapacitors are evolved as a promising candidate from the class of energy storage devices. The growth in the development of new 2D electrode materials brings a new revolution in energy storage devices with a comprehensive investigation. MXene, a new family of 2D metal carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides due to their attractive electrical and electrochemical properties e.g. hydrophilicity, conductivity, surface area, topological structure have gained huge attention. In this review, we discussed different MXene synthesis routes using different etchants e.g. hydrofluoric acid, ammonium hydrazine, lithium fluoride, and hydrochloric acid, etc showing that fluorine formation is compulsory to etch the aluminum layer from its precursor. Due to the advantage of large interlayer spacing between the MXene layers in MXene, the effect of intercalation on the performance of batteries and supercapacitors using MXene as electrodes by various sized cations are reviewed. Different MXene hybrids as supercapacitor electrodes will also be summarized. Lastly, the conclusion and future scope of MXene to be done in various supercapacitor applications are also presented.macropores is very limited [17]. The carbon nanotubes and graphene were also studied in the literature [4]. It is observed from the previous studies that the graphene structure poses a serious limitation on device capacitance as the graphene layers get agglomerated easily and thus the electrode area is not accessible completely by the electrolyte ions [25]. Further, to increase the supercapacitor capacitance Conway et al used ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) as electrode material in the device [23]. However, the cost of RuO 2 is very high which opens new doors for other metal oxide materials. The magnesium oxide (MnO 2 ) can be a good alternative to ruthenium oxide because of its low-cost but used very limited in the literature due to low conductivity (10 −4 -10 −5 S cm −1 ) and thus requires extra attention to enhance the conductivity [26].New electrode materials are getting researched day by day by various authors to find a unique solution for energy storage devices. In this context, the main focus is going towards the 2D materials due to their excellent physical and chemical properties as compared to their properties in the bulk [27]. During this investigation, various new members of 2D materials like metal-organic frameworks (MoF) [28,29], polyoxometalates (POM)[30] and black phosphorus (BP) [31] are discovered. The major drawbacks of these 2D electrode materials include poor specific capacitance, less electrical conductivity, structure degradation and limited transport of the ions/electrons. The serious obstacle in many of these electrode materials includes expansion in the volume, less interlayer spacing, less conductivity, and hydrophobic nature. Moreover, the surface oxidation and surface defects limit their scope for energy storage applications [32]. In 2011 Naguib et al [33] showed the potential application of MXene as electro...

Pillared Mo2TiC2 MXene for high-power and long-life lithium and sodium-ion batteries

“…Deconvolution of this peak using a Lorentzian prole shape for the pristine sample reveals two main environments, the largest of which is assigned as pre-intercalated Li as a result of the LiF-HCl etching method used. 16 A minor peak to the right of this, centred around À1.1 ppm, can be assigned as LiF from the etching stage, which is conrmed as present in the structure by 19 F NMR and 7 Li-19 F HETCOR NMR (Fig. S13 †).…”

“…14 However, like other 2D materials, electrode architecture plays a crucial role in their electrochemical performance, with multilayered or restacked MXenes showing poor cycling performance. 15,16 Titanium-based MXenes such as Ti 2 C or Ti 3 C 2 dominate research in this area, despite more than 30 different MXenes having been synthesised to-date. 17 This is particularly important because Ti-based MXenes suffer from poor initial coulombic efficiencies (typically 40-60%), which severely limit their application in full cells.…”

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

“…There is still great room for further research on MXene-related energy storage devices. Currently, different researchers are working to further enhance the performance of such devices [ 12 , 39 ].…”

Recent Advanced on the MXene–Organic Hybrids: Design, Synthesis, and Their Applications

“…In recent years, many comprehensive reviews have been made on the MXenes, MXene-based heterostructures, and hybrids. However, most of them are still mainly focused on the applications [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], less attention paid to the surface adjustability and the interfacial compatibility of the MXene-organic hybrids. In this consideration, we try to briefly summarize the recent progress on this material system, thus offer the readers a deeper understanding of the interaction and collaborative mechanism between the MXenes and organic component.…”