A review on oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease

Kumar, Harish; Nishat, Roquaiya; Desai, Anupama

doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_205_22

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…This shows that oral symptoms may be a specific feature of the therapy of COVID‐19 in young patients that is not well recognized. Further study is required to determine the precise processes behind the association between these oral symptoms and disease severity (Di Spirito et al, 2022a ; Kumar et al, 2022 ). Young males (M:F = 20:15) may be more susceptible to oral lesions following viral infection, as evidenced by their higher incidence compared to females.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 and its management in pediatric patients: A systematic review and practical guideline

Nasiri,

Tehrani,

Mohammadikhah

et al. 2023

Clinical & Exp Dental Res

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ObjectivesThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), a respiratory infection that has spread worldwide and is responsible for a high death toll. Although respiratory symptoms are the most common, there is growing evidence that oral signs of COVID‐19 can also be seen in children. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the available data on the oral manifestations of COVID‐19 in children and to recommend appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment.MethodsA systematic search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was done to discover relevant papers published between their establishment and January 2023. Articles detailing oral symptoms in pediatric patients with confirmed COVID‐19 infection were included, and data on clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes were extracted and evaluated.ResultsA total of 24 studies involving 2112 pediatric patients with COVID‐19 were included in the review. The most common presentations are oral lesions, taste and smell disorders, oral candidiasis, hemorrhagic crust, tongue discoloration, lip and tongue fissuring, gingivitis, and salivary gland inflammation. These manifestations were sometimes associated with multi‐system inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) or Kawasaki disease (KD). Management strategies varied depending on the severity of the oral manifestation and ranged from symptomatic relief with topical analgesics to systemic medications.ConclusionOral symptoms of COVID‐19 are relatively prevalent in juvenile patients and can be accompanied by severe systemic diseases, such as MIS‐C or Kawasaki illness. Early detection and adequate care of these oral symptoms are critical for the best patient results. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology and developing targeted treatments requires more investigation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 and its management in pediatric patients: A systematic review and practical guideline

Nasiri,

Tehrani,

Mohammadikhah

et al. 2023

Clinical & Exp Dental Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…22 This means that the essential molecules for SARCOV-2 infection are abundant in the oral cavity, and the infected virus may lead to localized inflammation and loss of taste (dysgeusia) as well as dry mouth, which are the most frequently reported symptom in COVID-19 patient. [23][24][25] The literature search also indicated that the relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus is complicated and bidirectional. 26 In addition to diabetes, all patients with COVID-19 included in the current study also had periodontitis, a common comorbidity observed in patients with COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, certain molecules (furin and TMPRSS2) that are involved in promoting the SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection can be detected in oral cavity 22 . This means that the essential molecules for SARCOV-2 infection are abundant in the oral cavity, and the infected virus may lead to localized inflammation and loss of taste (dysgeusia) as well as dry mouth, which are the most frequently reported symptom in COVID-19 patient [23][24][25] . The literature search also indicated that the relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus is complicated and bidirectional 26 .…”

Section: Armentioning

confidence: 99%

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

Bachtiar,

Kusumaningrum

et al. 2023

F1000Res

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Background: The available evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both systemic and oral tissue, contribute to the pathology of COVID-19 disease. Hence, studies of inflammation biomarkers in oral fluids, such as saliva, might be useful to better specify COVID-19 features. Methods: In the current study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to measure salivary levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva obtained from patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19, in a diabetic group (DG; n = 10) and a non-diabetic group (NDG; n = 13). All participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, while six participants with periodontitis but not diagnosed with COVID-19 were included as controls. Results: We found increases in salivary total protein levels in both the DG and NDG compared to control patients. In both groups, salivary CRP and IL-6 levels were comparable. Additionally, the levels of salivary CRP were significantly correlated with total proteins, in which a strong and moderate positive correlation was found between DG and NDG, respectively. A linear positive correlation was also noted in the relationship between salivary IL-6 level and total proteins, but the correlation was not significant. Interestingly, the association between salivary CRP and IL-6 levels was positive. However, a moderately significant correlation was only found in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, through which the association was validated by a receiver operating curve. Conclusions: These finding suggest that salivary CRP and IL-6 are particularly relevant as potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting diabetes risk in mild cases of COVID-19 accompanied with periodontitis.

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The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

Bachtiar,

Kusumaningrum

et al. 2024

F1000Res

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Background The available evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both systemic and oral tissue, contribute to the pathology of COVID-19 disease. Hence, studies of inflammation biomarkers in oral fluids, such as saliva, might be useful to better specify COVID-19 features. Methods In the current study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to measure salivary levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva obtained from patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19, in a diabetic group (DG; n = 10) and a non-diabetic group (NDG; n = 13). All participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, while six participants with periodontitis but not diagnosed with COVID-19 were included as controls. Results We found increases in salivary total protein levels in both the DG and NDG compared to control patients. In both groups, salivary CRP and IL-6 levels were comparable. Additionally, the levels of salivary CRP were significantly correlated with total proteins, in which a strong and moderate positive correlation was found between DG and NDG, respectively. A linear positive correlation was also noted in the relationship between salivary IL-6 level and total proteins, but the correlation was not significant. Interestingly, the association between salivary CRP and IL-6 levels was positive. However, a moderately significant correlation was only found in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, through which the association was validated by a receiver operating curve. Conclusions These finding suggest that salivary CRP and IL-6 are particularly relevant as potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting diabetes risk in mild cases of COVID-19 accompanied with periodontitis.

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A review on oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease

Cited by 5 publications

References 64 publications

Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 and its management in pediatric patients: A systematic review and practical guideline

Oral manifestations of COVID‐19 and its management in pediatric patients: A systematic review and practical guideline

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

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