A Review on SERS-Based Detection of Human Virus Infections: Influenza and Coronavirus

Abstract

The diagnosis of respiratory viruses of zoonotic origin (RVsZO) such as influenza and coronaviruses in humans is crucial, because their spread and pandemic threat are the highest. Surface–enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique with promising impact for the point–of–care diagnosis of viruses. It has been applied to a variety of influenza A virus subtypes, such as the H1N1 and the novel coronavirus SARS−CoV−2. In this work, a review of the strategies used for the detection of RVsZO by SERS is presented. In addition, relevant information about the SERS technique, anthropozoonosis, and RVsZO is provided for a better understanding of the theme. The direct identification is based on trapping the viruses within the interstices of plasmonic nanoparticles and recording the SERS signal from gene fragments or membrane proteins. Quantitative mono- and multiplexed assays have been achieved following an indirect format through a SERS-based sandwich immunoassay. Based on this review, the development of multiplex assays that incorporate the detection of RVsZO together with their specific biomarkers and/or secondary disease biomarkers resulting from the infection progress would be desirable. These configurations could be used as a double confirmation or to evaluate the health condition of the patient.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based immunoassay for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

“…Several SERS-based immunoassays have been developed for the diagnosis of various viral diseases such as flu ( Sun et al, 2017 ), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ( Guo et al, 2017 ), middle east respiratory syndrome, hepatitis ( Saviñon-Flores et al, 2021 ), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( Kamińska et al, 2017 ; Yadav et al, 2021 ), which have facilitated the sensitive and selective detection of the viruses. In this study, we developed a magnetically assisted SERS immunoassay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 ( Fig.…”

“…There have been several recent advances in antigen tests, involving the application of various sensing approaches and high-quality nanomaterials ( Cennamo et al, 2021 ; Eissa et al, 2021 ; Grant et al, 2020 ; Huang et al, 2021 ; Lin et al, 2020 ; Seo et al, 2020 ). SERS is an effective technique for the sensitive detection of biomolecules, and various SERS-based immunoassays have thus been developed for the detection of infectious viruses ( Saviñon-Flores et al, 2021 ). Following the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, several SERS-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 have been applied ( Zhang et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2022 ; Yang et al, 2021 ; Yu et al, 2021 ; Srivastav et al, 2021 ; Sanchez et al, 2021 ; Payne et al, 2021 ; Liu et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Huang et al, 2021 ; Gao et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2021 , 2021 ; Huang et al, 2021 , 2021 ; Pramanik et al, 2021 ; Zavyalova et al, 2021 ).…”

Development and Characterization of Magnetic SARS-CoV-2 Peptide-Imprinted Polymers

“…One of the key ways to control infections is the conducting of tests that rapidly determine whether a patient is infected with SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, efforts have been geared towards the development of fast and cheap methodologies that allow for the detection of this coronavirus with high sensitivity and selectivity [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Versatile Silver Nanoparticles-Based SERS Substrate with High Sensitivity and Stability

“…Furthermore, a variety of fabrication approaches have been explored including nanolithography [17][18][19], vapor deposition [12,13], self-assembly [20,21], templatebased [11], and inkjet printing [12,[22][23][24][25]. SERS, as a technique, overcame the inherent sensitivity limitation of normal Raman spectroscopy and enabled single-molecule detection [26][27][28][29], emerging as a critical spectroscopic technique in analytical chemistry, materials science, and environmental science [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”

“…Typically, the EM mechanism is related to the enhanced electric field arising from the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) when the plasmonic substrate is irradiated with an incident laser. In metallic nanostructures, SPR can be localized to specific positions such as the nanoscale edge, tip, or crevices, called localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), inducing a large local field effect, thereby amplifying the electromagnetic field intensity in this region [33,[37][38][39][40][41]. Moreover, the strong mutual excitation between the induced dipole of molecules and the dipole of the metallic nanoparticles resulted in Raman polarizability, in turn enhancing the electromagnetic field [40,41].…”