A review on sustainable synthesis of zeolite from kaolinite resources via hydrothermal process

Abdullahi, Tijjani; Harun, Zawati; Othman, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan

doi:10.1016/j.apt.2017.04.028

Cited by 178 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…Meanwhile the metakaolin image in Figure 3b shows that the structure has been damaged and become amorphous after dehydroxylation. This is in agreement with the results reported in Abdullahi, et al [28].…”

Section: Characterization Of Raw Materialssupporting

confidence: 94%

Synthesis and Characterization of Crystalline NaY-Zeolite from Belitung Kaolin as Catalyst for n-Hexadecane Cracking

et al. 2019

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Crystalline sodium Y (NaY) zeolite has been synthesized using alternative natural source of aluminate and silicate, extracted from natural Belitung kaolin. Prior to use, the natural kaolin was pretreated to obtain fragmented metakaolin and extracted silica. Synthesis was conducted with the addition of NaY gel (two types of NaY seeds were used, prepared from colloidal sillica or sodium silica water) using hydrothermal method for 21 h at 100 °C. The characterization on the as-synthesized zeolites confirmed that the one prepared using colloidal silica-seed has closer structure similarity to NaY zeolite that was synthesized using pro analysis silicate and aluminate sources. Thus, the rest of the synthesis of NaY was carried out using colloidal silica-NaY seed. The NaY zeolites then were converted to HY, through ammonium-exchange followed by calcination, to be tested as cracking catalysts using n-hexadecane as a probe molecule. It shows that HY from metakaolin and extracted silica gives high performance, i.e., n-hexadecane conversion of 58%–64%, also C5-C12 percentage yield and selectivity of 56%–62% and 98%. This work has shown the potential to utilize kaolin as alternative silicate aluminate sources for crystalline zeolite synthesis and to obtain inexpensive and environmentally friendly catalyst materials.

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Section: Characterization Of Raw Materialssupporting

confidence: 94%

Synthesis and Characterization of Crystalline NaY-Zeolite from Belitung Kaolin as Catalyst for n-Hexadecane Cracking

et al. 2019

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“…Synthesis of zeolites using natural resources such as kaolin, natural zeolites, coal fly ash, and rice husk has drawn many researchers since decades ago [25]. Especially in developing countries, this work by Chareonpanich et al [26] has been a success to the synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite from lignite coal fly ash and rice husk to produce microporous ZSM-5.…”

Section: Future Prospect 51 Utilization Of Synthesis Of Hierarchicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol on Cobalt Oxide-Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5

Krisnandi¹,

Nurani²,

Reza³

et al. 2021

Biogas - Recent Advances and Integrated Approaches

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Conversion of methane to more reactive compounds such as methanol has drawn attention for many years. Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite has been used as support of metal oxide catalyst to facilitate the partial oxidation of methane to methanol. The NaZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized hydrothermally using double-template techniques, in which tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) and polydiallyldiammonium chloride (PDDA) were used as primary and secondary templates, respectively. HZSM-5 was prepared through multiple NH4 + exchange of NaZSM-5 followed by calcination. Co oxide-modified ZSM-5 (Co/NaZSM-5 and Co/HZSM-5) were prepared through impregnation method. Then, the zeolites were extensively characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), AAS, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 27 Al solid-state NMR, microbalance, and surface area analysis. The catalytic test was performed in batch reactor, and the product was analyzed with GC-FID. Reaction condition and acidity of ZSM-5 as support catalyst were studied. As a result, when using Co/HZSM-5 as catalyst, percentage (%) yield of methanol was increased with longer reaction time. On the other hand, the percentage (%) yield decreased when Co/NaZSM-5 was employed. Introduction of trace amount of oxygen to the gas mixture showed different results. Furthermore, the prospect of synthesis of ZSM-5 using natural resources and using biogas are also explored.

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“…It is conventionally synthesised using chemical sources such as sodium silicate solutions or silica gels and aluminium salts as the starting materials. Commercial synthetic zeolites are preferred over their naturally occurring analogues due to higher purity and uniform particle size which makes them more suitable for scientific and industrial applications [10]. However, zeolite synthesis using conventional methods leads to large amounts of waste being produced and chemical sources may be expensive, leading to high costs of zeolite production which limit commercialisation and use in many industrial applications [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Application of Porous Kaolin-Based ZSM-5 in the Petrochemical Industry

Mohiuddin¹,

Isa²,

Mdleleni³

et al. 2020

Nanofluid Flow in Porous Media

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Zeolites are advanced chemical materials that play a significant role in many petrochemical applications. In recent years, research interest in improving and enhancing the effectiveness of ZSM-5 as a catalyst has grown immensely. In particular, finding cheaper, environmentally friendly alternative starting materials for the synthesis of ZSM-5 has gained much attention. Kaolin has been widely investigated as a zeolite precursor as it comprises the required constituents for an aluminosilicate zeolite material; ubiquitous nature and its benefit in synthesising zeolites are well known as an inexpensive way of obtaining catalysts. This chapter deals with the factors affecting ZSM-5 synthesis when utilising a kaolin precursor. The effects of kaolin crystallinity, kaolinite content and synthesis parameters on ZSM-5 formation and its physicochemical properties are discussed. The potential of kaolin-based ZSM-5 as an oligomerisation catalyst is investigated. Pure, crystalline ZSM-5 could be successfully synthesised from a kaolin precursor. Physicochemical properties such as morphology, porosity and acidity are affected by the kaolin precursor and optimum synthesis conditions are required for synthesis of ZSM-5 from particular kaolin. Kaolin-based ZSM-5 catalyst showed good activity and selectivity to valuable fuel range hydrocarbons.

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A review on sustainable synthesis of zeolite from kaolinite resources via hydrothermal process

Cited by 178 publications

References 176 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Crystalline NaY-Zeolite from Belitung Kaolin as Catalyst for n-Hexadecane Cracking

Synthesis and Characterization of Crystalline NaY-Zeolite from Belitung Kaolin as Catalyst for n-Hexadecane Cracking

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol on Cobalt Oxide-Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5

Synthesis and Application of Porous Kaolin-Based ZSM-5 in the Petrochemical Industry

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