A review on the abuse of three NPS (synthetic cannabinoids, kratom, poppers) among youths in Asia

Bae, Kyungeun; Kwon, Nam ji; Han, Eunyoung

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.09.008

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In Japan, the legislative control on NPS has led to the rapid decline of headshops, indicating the effect of NPS legislation on the supply side (Table ). In terms of the demand side, it has been reported that after the tightening regulations on NPS, a majority of patients with the NPS‐related psychiatric disorders had switched to another drug as primary drug because NPSs were no longer available easily . The results show that the NPS legislation had decreased the number of headshops and reduced the NPS availability to the users .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In S. Korea, our previous study has revealed that the amounts of NPS seizure increased from 3.1 kg in 2011 to 17.35 kg in 2014, indicating the increasing trend in the NPS supply side . A recent government report stated that among all criminal cases related to the using or smuggling of synthetic cannabinoid, the ratio of young people (under 30 years) increased from 9% to 13.1% in 2013‐2016 . Thus, despite the legislative efforts, the NPS problems in S. Korea deserve further attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, six major NPS analogs were reinforced for control in 2011: ecgonine analogs, N‐oxide and methyl analogs of morphine, phencyclidine analogs, JWH‐018 analogs, CP‐47, 497 analogs, and methcathinone analogs. Recent reports on the NPS use in the youth indicate further efforts are needed . Another concern is there were no cases of ketamine use before 2015 or 2016, but the problem of ketamine seems to be beginning to emerge in these 2 years due to the environmental changes possibly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of legislative management for new psychoactive substances control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan

Feng

Wada²,

Chung

et al. 2019

The Kaohsiung J of Med Scie

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For decades, the three United Nations drug conventions have served as the basis for member states' obligations and international cooperation on drug control. However, the emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) poses a new risk to public health and a challenge to drug policy because of their unknown toxicological effects and easy modification of chemical structures to shun legal control. So far, there is no international consensus on legislative control of NPSs. Therefore, we compared the legislative management on NPS control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan.Drug-related information was obtained from the authorities of these three countries.The results indicate that despite geographic proximity and similar legal attitudes toward illegal drug use, the legislative criteria, and responses for NPS control in these three countries were quite different. Ketamine has been the major used NPS in Taiwan but seldom found in South Korea and Japan. The difference in the number of controlled NPSs in Taiwan (91) and South Korea (245) might be due to the implementation of temporary designation systems and analog controls in South Korea. The recent surge of newly controlled NPSs in Japan was because of the promulgation of designated drug regulation and subsequent control of "dangerous drugs." Although NPS use has become a potential social and medical problem among these three countries, the outcomes of NPS legislation control remain to be scrutinized. To minimize harm from NPS use, development of legislative mechanism(s) on NPS scheduling is the first step for early identification and control of NPS problems. K E Y W O R D SJapan, new psychoactive substance (NPS) legislation, South Korea, Taiwan

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of legislative management for new psychoactive substances control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan

Feng

Wada²,

Chung

et al. 2019

The Kaohsiung J of Med Scie

Self Cite

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“…Kratom is an herbal preparation obtained from the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa Korth, an evergreen plant of the Rubiaceae family that grows spontaneously in Southeast Asia, mainly in Thailand and Malaysia [ 207 ]. In these countries, the plant has been exploited for centuries for its stimulant and narcotic properties and is commonly self-administrated by manual laborers to combat fatigue and improve productivity [ 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects

et al. 2020

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Sexual enhancers increase sexual potency, sexual pleasure, or libido. Substances increasing libido alter the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters or sex hormones in the central nervous system. Interestingly, the same pathways are involved in the mechanisms underlying many psychiatric and neurological disorders, and adverse reactions associated with the use of aphrodisiacs are strongly expected. However, sexual enhancers of plant origin have gained popularity over recent years, as natural substances are often regarded as a safer alternative to modern medications and are easily acquired without prescription. We reviewed the psychiatric and neurological adverse effects associated with the consumption of herbal aphrodisiacs Areca catechu L., Argemone Mexicana L., Citrus aurantium L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, Panax quinquefolius L., Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille, Piper methysticum G. Forst., Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth., Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Brown, Turnera diffusa Willd. ex. Schult., Voacanga africana Stapf ex Scott-Elliot, and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. A literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with the aim of identifying all the relevant articles published on the issue up to June 2020. Most of the selected sexual enhancers appeared to be safe at therapeutic doses, although mild to severe adverse effects may occur in cases of overdosing or self-medication with unstandardized products. Drug interactions are more concerning, considering that herbal aphrodisiacs are likely used together with other plant extracts and/or pharmaceuticals. However, few data are available on the side effects of several plants included in this review, and more clinical studies with controlled administrations should be conducted to address this issue.

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“…Adverse effects may be cardiovascular (e.g., sympathomimetic effects such as tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmias), neurological (e.g., seizures, tremors, stroke, fear, aggressive behavior, changing moods, and confusion [9]), gastrointestinal (e.g., nausea and vomiting), psychological (e.g., agitation, confusion, drowsiness, lethargy, hallucination, irritability, and paranoia), pulmonary (e.g., respiratory depression), metabolic, or muscular [10,11]. However, unlike cannabis, SCs have significant potential to cause severe and life-threatening toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accidental Ingestion of a Novel Psychoactive Substance: A Case Report

Kant¹,

Mong²,

Tan³

2020

Cureus

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Novel psychoactive substances (NPSs) are a new generation of designer drugs that are quickly replacing the traditionally abused street drugs. Since their development, the number of molecules in NPSs and their variants have expanded exponentially. Little is known locally about the toxic effects of the exposure of these NPSs. We report two cases of accidental ingestion of methyl (2S)-2-{[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3arbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5-fluoro-MDMB-PICA), a recent NPS. They were drinking the liquid in a winter melon tea bottle, and one patient had a seizure episode directly after ingestion. Both patients were managed supportively and discharged after a brief hospitalization period. Presentation to the emergency departments (EDs) following exposure to NPSs may become more common. Knowledge about the impact of NPS exposure and their clinical effects is lacking amongst emergency physicians in Singapore, and this case report serves as a potential resource for physicians.

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A review on the abuse of three NPS (synthetic cannabinoids, kratom, poppers) among youths in Asia

Cited by 20 publications

References 51 publications

Comparison of legislative management for new psychoactive substances control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan

Comparison of legislative management for new psychoactive substances control among Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan

Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects

Accidental Ingestion of a Novel Psychoactive Substance: A Case Report

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