A Review on the Adverse Impacts of Cadmium on Ecosystem and its Refinement Strategies

Abstract

IntroductionC admium is highly toxic element abundantly found in nature, and an important component of earth layer (crust) including soil, water, air, underground soil, mines, plant tissues, animal tissues, and ores. Cadmium may cause adverse effects on human, animal and plants health especially when its concentration exceeds the limit due to continuous produc-tion. Cadmium ranges in earth crust between 0.1 to 0.5 ppm, in marine Because of high environmental and human health concerns, a lot of research has been done over the past 50 years. Sources of Cd emission are both natural and anthropogenic (manmade). Total Cd emission from natural sources ranges from 10-50% (Morrow et al., 1995;Nawrot et al., 2006). Mining activities are the biggest source of Cd emission in environment and contaminate soil, air, water Abstract | Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic metal which naturally exists in environment in small proportion but continuously increasing due to anthropogenic activities. The rapid increase in population is putting pressure on urbanization, agriculture and industrialization which have resulted in gradual increase in Cd level. It is released from industries as an impurity and pollutes soil, water and air in different ways. High solubility in water increases its mobility in the soil ecosystem. The use of sludge and chemical sprays on crops increase the Cd contamination besides some other heavy metals. Through nutrient cycling, it is taken up from the soil to plants and finally becomes the part of human body which warrants serious health concerns. Cadmium causes mild to severe effects on plants, animals and environmental health. Humans are exposed to cadmium through food, water intake, inhalation (cigarette) and dermal contact which then produces heart disease, kidney failure, lung cancer, orthopedic disease, nervous system failure, low immunity level, mental retardation and growth retardation. Different environmental friendly and low cost biological remedies are used nowadays to control Cd toxicity such as phytoremediation phytostabilisation, rhizofilteration, phytoextraction. This review paper has summarized the impact of Cd on soil, plants and humans and strategies to remove or minimize its toxicity by applying some low cost and environmental friendly techniques.

Dietary Toxicity of Heavy Metals; One Health Perspective

“…Compounds containing cadmium are exceedingly harmful to humans, animals, and plants. The presence of cadmium is widespread in the air, soil, water, plants, and ultimately in animal tissues (Dad et al 2021). The smelters are main sources where pollution of Cd occurs but burning fossil fuels like coal and burning municipal garbage like plastic and nickel-cadmium batteries are two additional possibilities (Balali-Mood et al 2021).…”

Investigation and optimization of cadmium ion adsorption from wastewater using raw and activated carbon of Pterocarpus santalinoides fruit

“…However, cadmium toxicity is linked to human body via the food chain and lead to many chronic and acute diseases, such as pulmonary oedema, hepatic dysfunction, damage to the adrenal glands, and haemotopoietic system [7].…”