A Review on the Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Fluorine Contents in Soil and Solid Phase Samples

Abstract

Current status of soil contamination with fluorine and its source were investigated. The basic principles and procedures of various techniques for the analysis of fluorine contents in soil and solid phase samples were summarized in this review. Analysis of fluorine in solid matrices can be achieved by two types of techniques: (i) UV/Vis spectrophotometer or ion selective electrode (ISE) analysis after performing appropriate extraction steps and (ii) direct solid analysis. As the former cases, the standard method of Korean ministry of environment, alkali fusion-ISE method, pyrohydrolysis, oxygen bomb combustion, aqua regia digestion-automatic analysis, and sequential extraction-ISE method were introduced. In addition, direct analysis methods (i.e., X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and proton induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry) and atomic spectrometry combining with the equipment for introducing solid phase sample were also reviewed. Fluorine analysis techniques can be reasonably selected through site-specific information such as matrix condition, contamination level, the amount of samples and the principles of various methods for the analysis of fluorine presented in this review.

Study on Geological Distribution of Fluorine in Forest Aggregate within Korea

“…해 발생될 수 있지만, 암석 내 존재하는 무기염의 풍화 와 용해를 통해 자연적으로 생성되기도 한다 (Na et al, 2010;An et al, 2013). 불소를 함유하고 있는 광물은 수 백 개에 이르는 것으로 알려져 있으며 (Weinstein and Davison, 2004), 대표적인 불소 함유 광물은 형석(CaF 2 ), 인회석(Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F), 빙정석(NA 3 AlF 6 ), 빌리아우마이트 (NaF), 토파즈(Al 2 (SiO 4 )F 2 등이 있다 (Handa, 1975;Hem, 1985;Apambire et al, 1997;Cronin et al, 2000;Saxena and Ahmed, 2003;Weinstein and Davison, 2004;Chae et al, 2007;Edmunds and Smedley, 2013).…”

Fluorine contamination of soils at a phosphate-gypsum waste landfill in South Korea: analytical protocols, regulation levels, and legal framework

“…Therefore, other alternative procedures must be examined to determine suitable standard procedures for South Korea. For example, a new analytical procedure based on WDXRF was proposed for the determination of the total uorine concentration in soil (Jung, 2007;An et al, 2013). An et al reported that the detection limit of F concentrations in soil via WDXRF decreases from 800 to 120 mg/kg (An et al, 2013).…”

“…For example, a new analytical procedure based on WDXRF was proposed for the determination of the total uorine concentration in soil (Jung, 2007;An et al, 2013). An et al reported that the detection limit of F concentrations in soil via WDXRF decreases from 800 to 120 mg/kg (An et al, 2013). Adopting the new WDXRF method as one of the standard procedures may help to determine the uorine concentrations in soils and take immediate remediation actions for uorine-contaminated areas.…”

“…As the pH increases, which increases the OH −1 concentration, fewer complexes are formed owing to a competition effect, and Al and Fe form insoluble hydroxides in an alkaline state (Xie et al, 2001). In soils with high Ca contents (e.g., calcareous soil), insoluble CaF 2 (i.e., K sp = 3.9 × 10 −11 ) can be formed (An et al, 2013). The granite and gneiss areas in South Korea contain high uorite (CaF 2 ) contents; as a result, the uorine contents in the soils and groundwater in the vicinity of the granite and gneiss areas are high (Choo et al, 2008;Lee et al, 2019).…”

Feasibility of a Chemical Washing Method for Treating Soil Enriched with Fluorine Derived from Mica

“…Fluorine, an element with atomic number 9, has high electronegativity and thus can readily react with other elements, such as Fe, Al, and Ca. Therefore, fluorine mostly exists as compounds in the natural state, and it is difficult to find fluorine in natural settings as a single element [1,2]. Human activities (e.g., fertilizer use, coal use, and aluminum and steel industrial activities) have resulted in the accumulation of fluorine in soil.…”