A Review on the Biocompatibility of PMMA-Based Dental Materials for Interim Prosthetic Restorations with a Glimpse into Their Modern Manufacturing Techniques

Abstract

<jats:p>This paper’s primary aim is to outline relevant aspects regarding the biocompatibility of PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate))-based materials used for obtaining interim prosthetic restorations, such as the interaction with oral epithelial cells, fibroblasts or dental pulp cells, the salivary oxidative stress response, and monomer release. Additionally, the oral environment’s biochemical response to modern interim dental materials containing PMMA (obtained via subtractive or additive methods) is highlighted in this review. The studies included in this paper confirmed that PMMA-based materials interact in a complex way with the oral environment, and therefore, different concerns about the possible adverse oral effects caused by these materials were analyzed. Adjacent to these aspects, the present work describes several advantages of PMMA-based dental materials. Moreover, the paper underlines that recent scientific studies ascertain that the modern techniques used for obtaining interim prosthetic materials, milled PMMA, and 3D (three-dimensional) printed resins, have distinctive advantages compared to the conventional ones. However, considering the limited number of studies focusing on the chemical composition and biocompatibility of these modern interim prosthetic materials, especially for the 3D printed ones, more aspects regarding their interaction with the oral environment need to be further investigated.</jats:p>

Surface roughness, plaque accumulation, and cytotoxicity of provisional restorative materials fabricated by different methods

“…mutans on 3D printed provisional material in the present study. Pituru et al [ 23 ] asserted that printable provisional materials usually contain monomers based on acrylic esters or filled hybrid materials. However, precise comparison is not possible as manufacturers do not provide adequate information about exact content of matrix and filler particles of these materials [ 12 , 13 , 23 , 39 ].…”

“…Cytotoxicity assay is essential to evaluate the biocompatibility of dental materials [ 9 ]. Cell toxicity of resin materials is referred to leaching out of residual monomers or other eluates inducing genotoxic effects [ 23 ]. Elution of residual monomers depends on the chemical composition, degree of conversion, and solvents in in-vivo conditions [ 19 ].…”

“…Higher cell viability in the additive group could be due to its chemical composition, including monomers based on acrylic esters or filled hybrid materials that are not clearly disclosed by the manufacturers [ 23 ]. Another possible could be the high degree of conversion due to post-polymerization procedure in this fabricating method [ 30 ].…”

“…These restorations help shaping the soft tissue profile around the implant abutments to achieve the esthetic demands [ 19 ]. Biocompatible materials are of great importance particularly in complicaed treatment plans with prolonged use of provisional restorations [ 19 , 23 ].…”

The Effect of Different Cleaning Protocols of Polymer-Based Prosthetic Materials on the Behavior of Human Gingival Fibroblasts

“…However, only a few studies have been conducted on polymer-based materials, which can be used as temporary or permanent prosthetic materials. Concerns of lower biocompatibility of PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) materials were raised in the literature (e.g., cytotoxicity of PMMA monomers, higher surface bacterial contamination compared to other materials); however, they are widely used for fabrication of provisional restorations [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. PEEK (polyetheretherketone) materials have gained more attention in recent years as an alternative to titanium and ceramics [ 15 , 18 , 19 , 23 , 24 ].…”