A review on the effect of nanocomposite scaffolds reinforced with magnetic nanoparticles in osteogenesis and healing of bone injuries

Abstract

Many problems related to disorders and defects of bone tissue caused by aging, diseases, and injuries have been solved by the multidisciplinary research field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Numerous sciences, especially nanotechnology, along with tissue engineering, have greatly contributed to the repair and regeneration of tissues. Various studies have shown that the presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in the structure of composite scaffolds increases their healing effect on bone defects. In addition, the induction of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the presence of these nanoparticles has been investigated and confirmed by various studies. Therefore, in the present article, the types of MNPs, their special properties, and their application in the healing of damaged bone tissue have been reviewed. Also, the molecular effects of MNPs on cell behavior, especially in osteogenesis, have been discussed. Finally, the present article includes the potential applications of MNP-containing nanocomposite scaffolds in bone lesions and injuries. In summary, this review article highlights nanocomposite scaffolds containing MNPs as a solution for treating bone defects in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Recent advances of nanoparticles on bone tissue engineering and bone cells

“…The process of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs is a complex and involves the activation of several signaling pathways as the BMP/Smad, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin. 116 Exosomal miR-1260a and miR-21-5p derived from BMSCs preconditioned with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and SMF could improve osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and enhance wound healing. 117,118 Exosomes derived from BMSCs inhibited mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes through p38, ERK, and Akt pathways.…”

Magnetic Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Nanomedicine

“…Furthermore, the FeHA nanoparticles were internalized by the cells without causing any negative effects on their behavior and ultrastructure [ 276 ]. The intrinsic properties of FeHA NPs make them a promising candidate to be used as a magnetic carrier of drugs, growth factors, miRNA, etc., revealing new exciting opportunities in nanomedicine [ 277 , 278 , 279 , 280 , 281 ].…”

Modelling the magnetization data of Fe3O4 nanoparticles above blocking temperature

“…as it is a non-toxic, efficient, scalable, and economic material. The analysis of magnetization data of this system above blocking temperature has been studied by many researchers [2,16,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. There is rarely any study that discusses the contribution of magnetic disordered particle surface in the estimation of magnetic moment distribution in Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.…”