A review on the impact of salinity on foundation soil of coastal infrastructures and its implications to north of Red Sea coastal constructions

Elsawy, Mohammed B. D.; Lakhouit, Abderrahim

doi:10.1007/s12517-020-05601-6

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…To summarize the impact of bitumen on compressibility parameters, the relationship between the variation percentages of compression indices and bitumen content is shown in Figure 15. The ability of sabkha soil to swell [13] increases its geotechnical challenges. The swelling characteristics increase with an increase in sodium and calcium contents [41].…”

Section: Collapse Potential Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the Consolidation Characteristics of Saline Sabkha Soil by Adding Bitumen

Al-Otaibi

2022

Jurnal Teknologi

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The rapid economic and population growth, increase in constructions, and a small selection of appropriate soil resources in Kuwait have made it necessary to research soil stabilization methods because the existing soils are currently unsuitable in their natural conditions. In this study, the consolidation characteristics of sabkha soil samples in southern Kuwait mixed with 0%, 4%, 8%, and 10% bitumen with respect to soil dry weight were investigated. For this purpose, an experimental program, including soil characterization tests, modified Proctor compaction test, one-dimensional consolidation test, and collapsibility test, was executed. Results indicate that increasing the bitumen percentage improves the compressibility characteristics of sabkha soil. Upon the addition of 10% bitumen, the yield stress increased from 25 to 34 kPa, compression index slightly increased from 0.02774 to 0.03145, and swelling index decreased from 0.0119 to 0003. Further, there was a considerable reduction in the collapse potential from 1.192 to 0.301 upon the addition of 10% bitumen. Thus, it is evident that the disadvantageous characteristics of sabkha soil can be mitigated. The results support the possibility of recycling the sabkha soil, thereby contributing toward addressing the environmental issues associated with the disposal of excavated sabkha soil.

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Section: Collapse Potential Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The unstable and collapsible conditions of the sabkha soils are attributed to a high content of salts, which can be leached [3,4,10]. Leaching can adversely affect the geotechnical characteristics of these soils [11] and make these flats susceptible to collapse [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Consolidation Characteristics of Saline Sabkha Soil by Adding Bitumen

Al-Otaibi

2022

Jurnal Teknologi

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“…Furthermore, the presence of water in Sabkha soil can cause swelling due to the transition of anhydrite to gypsum; water can also cause collapse due to the solution of halite crystal. As mentioned above, Sabkha soils contain huge quantities of salts, which make them quite weak and highly compressible [47,48]. In fact, the percolation of water through the soil can destroy its natural cementation, leading to collapse, increasing its permeability, reducing its strength, and ultimately causing settlement [48,49].…”

Section: Chemical Analyses Of Water From Sabkha Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geotechnical Behaviour of Sandy Sabkha Soils Based on Experimental and Numerical Investigations

Elsawy

Lakhouit

2021

Indian Geotech J

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The main objective of the present study is to investigate and evaluate the geo-environmental characteristics of continental Sabkha soil. This type of soil is widespread throughout the world, especially in Saudi Arabia. For the current work, disturbed and undisturbed samples are extracted from a site in Tymaa, Saudi Arabia. The natural geotechnical properties are determined, and chemical analyses are performed. Modified compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), direct shear, and potential collapse tests are conducted experimentally on the soil, with the obtained results indicating that Sabkha soil is poorly graded sand and contains high concentrations of salts, causing a corrosive environment. Therefore, reinforced concrete foundations of structures built on this type of soil should be protected. In the tests, the compacted samples induce high values of shear strength and CBR. However, the soaked Sabkha soils show very low values of shear strength parameters and CBR compared to those of non-soaked samples. Hence, Sabkha soil indicates collapsible behaviour when soaked in water, which is attributable to the weak salt bonds between the soil grains. Also carried out in this work are numerical simulations of a fuel tank resting on unsaturated and saturated Sabkha soil, utilizing 2D and 3D Plaxis programs. The numerical analyses results show that while unsaturated soil has good performance under tank loads, it collapses under the loads when soaked in water. These outcomes match experimental results. In the limit state, the raft foundation on saturated soil shows greater values of settlement and internal forces compared to those of the raft foundation prior to immersion. Hence, Sabkha soil requires treatment before being built on.

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“…Sabkha is aggressive to concrete and steel structures owing to the presence of corrosive anions such as chloride (Cl − ), sulfate (SO4 2− ), and carbonate (CO3 2− ), which induce physical and chemical corrosion failure [1,2,3]. These ions along with other chemical constituents that induce sabkha soil leaching and influence its geotechnical properties [3,4,5,6] are particularly harmful because they originate from different sources [3]. The high concentration of these anions in sabkha sediments and their brines result in the corrosion of steel reinforcements and the deterioration of concrete [1,4,5,6], which are important causes of the degradation of various existing strengthened concrete structures [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Corrosive Anion Dissolution in Sabkha Soil Under Long-Term Leaching by Bitumen Addition

Al-Otaibi

2024

GEOMATE

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Corrosive chloride (Cl − ) and sulfate (SO4 2− ) in sabkha are major environmental factors accelerating the deterioration of concrete structures with steel rebars or steel structures through long-term exposure. The dissolution of these corrosive anions from the surrounding soil must be reduced to increase the lifespan and durability and to ensure the protection of such structures. This study investigated the impact of bitumen addition on the amount of leached corrosive Cl − and SO4 2− in terms of quantity and rate as the percentage of total dissolved solids. Representative sabkha soil samples obtained from southern Kuwait were blended with various bitumen contents and leached with distilled water for more than 25 days, and the leached pore volumes were examined for the detected anions. Bitumen percentages of 0%, 4%, and 12% (by dry weight of sabkha) were selected as the mixing percentages based on geotechnical testing (density results obtained via modified Proctor tests) below and above the optimum bitumen contents. Results show that corrosive anion dissolution is reduced more in the bitumen-mixed sabkha than in the natural soil samples. The SO4 2− and Cl − concentrations almost diminish at the early leaching stages in the 12% bitumen-mixed sabkha sample, showing a strong reduction trend in the corrosive anion concentration. These findings highlight the importance of the waterproofing effect of bitumen in reducing corrosive anion dissolution from sabkha soil, which will reduce the impact of these soils on various structures, particularly buried gas, or oil steel pipes, and improve the effectiveness of other protective methods used for these structures.

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A review on the impact of salinity on foundation soil of coastal infrastructures and its implications to north of Red Sea coastal constructions

Cited by 18 publications

References 32 publications

Improving the Consolidation Characteristics of Saline Sabkha Soil by Adding Bitumen

Improving the Consolidation Characteristics of Saline Sabkha Soil by Adding Bitumen

Geotechnical Behaviour of Sandy Sabkha Soils Based on Experimental and Numerical Investigations

Reducing Corrosive Anion Dissolution in Sabkha Soil Under Long-Term Leaching by Bitumen Addition

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