A review on the latest advances in extraction and analysis of artemisinin

Abstract

Introduction Artemisinin (1), a well‐known natural antimalarial drug, is a sesquiterpene lactone that contains a unique peroxide bridge. Since its discovery, the amount of research into the analysis of artemisinin has increased considerably, and it has been further intensified since the Noble Prize win by Tu Youyou in the year 2015 for the discovery of artemisinin. Objective To review literature on the extraction and analysis of artemisinin, published during 2017–present, and to present an appraisal of those methods. Methodology Extensive literature search was carried out which involved, but not limited to, the use of, various databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with artemisinin being present in all combinations, in the search were artemisinin, Artemisia annua, analysis, extraction, quantitative, qualitative and quality control. Results During the period covered in this review, several methods of analysis of artemisinin have been reported, the most of which were liquid chromatography (LC)‐based methods. However, the use of new methods like near‐infrared analysis, fluorometirc analysis and molecular imprinting, and a significant increase in the use of computational tools have been observed. Mainly several methods involving supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasound‐assisted extraction of artemisinin have dominated the extraction area. Conclusions Newer analytical tools, as well as improved protocols for the known analytical tools, for qualitative and quantitative determination of artemisinin (1), have been made available by various researchers during the period covered by this review. Supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasound‐assisted extraction are still the methods of choice for extraction of artemisinin.

Computational and experimental insights on the interaction of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin and chloroquine with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD)

“…From a chemical point of view, artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone containing a peroxide bridge (Nahar et al. 2020 ). Derivatives such as artesunate, artemether and arteether have been used in clinic against malaria for decades (Aweeka and German 2008 ).…”

“…In particular, a compound isolated from this plant and known as "qinghaosu", which was later renamed artemisinin, was tested in patients together with its derivatives between 1970s and 1980s for its activity against malaria (Aweeka and German 2008). From a chemical point of view, artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone containing a peroxide bridge (Nahar et al 2020). Derivatives such as artesunate, artemether and arteether have been used in clinic against malaria for decades (Aweeka and German 2008).…”

Comparison of different extraction methods of active ingredients of Chinese medicine and natural products

“…In addition, the summary of various extraction technologies is not comprehensive enough. For example, review on the extraction of Plant essential oil [11], Lycium barbarum polysaccharides [12], Lipids in plant and animal cells [13], Carotenoids [14], Astaxanthin in microorganisms [15], Anthocyanin in Plant cells [16], Hesperidin in plant [17], Capsaicin [18], Rutin in plant [19], Artemisinin [20], Tea polysaccharides [21], Lycopersene [22], chitin and chitosan [23]. A few (e.g., Zhang et al.)…”

“…Lipids in plant and animal cells [13], Carotenoids [14], Astaxanthin in microorganisms [15], Anthocyanin in Plant cells [16], Hesperidin in plant [17], Capsaicin [18], Rutin in plant [19], Artemisinin [20], Tea polysaccharides [21], Lycopersene [22], chitin and chitosan [23]. A few (e.g., Zhang et al) have summarized various separation techniques applied in the extraction of traditional CM and natural products [24], but the classification was different from our work.…”

Influences of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid on pore morphology of various rank coals: A review

“…T c = 31.06°C and P c = 7.38 MPa (Perry and Green, 1997). Therefore, CO 2 exists in a supercritical state that has a high diffusion and dissolution capability, and a low viscosity and surface tension (Nahar et al., 2018). Additionally, the three-dimensional network of coal comprises condensed aromatic and hydroaromatic compounds connected via short alkyl bridges, and ether and thioether linkages (Liu et al., 2019d).…”