“…8 ). The hydrolysis of CP to TCP, followed by reductive dechlorination of TCP and incorporation of the pyridine ring into the Krebs cycle which completes the degradation of CP and this has also been identified in Pseudomonas (Vijayalakshmi and Usha 2012 ); or the formation of DETP which is rapidly degraded to ethanol and phosphorothioic acid molecules and can be used as a S, N, and P source for microorganisms (Rokade and Mali 2013 ; Bose et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
This study aimed to evaluate the growth, respiratory activity, and biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837. A strategy based on the modification of culture media and aeration conditions was carried out to increase the cell concentration of A. vinelandii, in order to favor and determine its tolerance to chlorpyrifos and its degradation ability. The culture in shaken flasks, using sucrose as a carbon source, significantly improved the growth compared to media with mannitol. When the strain was cultivated under oxygen-limited (5.5, 11.25 mmol L−1 h−1) and no-oxygen-limited conditions (22 mmol L−1 h−1), the growth parameters were not affected. In cultures in a liquid medium with chlorpyrifos, the bacteria tolerated a high pesticide concentration (500 ppm) and the growth parameters were improved even under conditions with a reduced carbon source (sucrose 2 g L−1). The strain degraded 99.6% of chlorpyrifos at 60 h of cultivation, in co-metabolism with sucrose; notably, A. vinelandii ATCC 12837 reduced by 50% the initial pesticide concentration in only 6 h (DT50).
Graphical Abstract
“…8 ). The hydrolysis of CP to TCP, followed by reductive dechlorination of TCP and incorporation of the pyridine ring into the Krebs cycle which completes the degradation of CP and this has also been identified in Pseudomonas (Vijayalakshmi and Usha 2012 ); or the formation of DETP which is rapidly degraded to ethanol and phosphorothioic acid molecules and can be used as a S, N, and P source for microorganisms (Rokade and Mali 2013 ; Bose et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
This study aimed to evaluate the growth, respiratory activity, and biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837. A strategy based on the modification of culture media and aeration conditions was carried out to increase the cell concentration of A. vinelandii, in order to favor and determine its tolerance to chlorpyrifos and its degradation ability. The culture in shaken flasks, using sucrose as a carbon source, significantly improved the growth compared to media with mannitol. When the strain was cultivated under oxygen-limited (5.5, 11.25 mmol L−1 h−1) and no-oxygen-limited conditions (22 mmol L−1 h−1), the growth parameters were not affected. In cultures in a liquid medium with chlorpyrifos, the bacteria tolerated a high pesticide concentration (500 ppm) and the growth parameters were improved even under conditions with a reduced carbon source (sucrose 2 g L−1). The strain degraded 99.6% of chlorpyrifos at 60 h of cultivation, in co-metabolism with sucrose; notably, A. vinelandii ATCC 12837 reduced by 50% the initial pesticide concentration in only 6 h (DT50).
Graphical Abstract
“…8). The hydrolysis of CP to TCP, followed by reductive dechlorination of TCP and incorporation of the pyridine ring into the Krebs cycle which completes the degradation of CP and this has also been identi ed in Pseudomonas (Vijayalakshmi and Usha 2012); or the formation of DETP which is rapidly degraded to ethanol and phosphorothioic acid molecules and can be used as a S, N, and P source for microorganisms (Rokade and Mali 2013;Bose et al 2021).…”
Section: Tolerance and Biodegradation Of Chlorpyrifosmentioning
This study aimed to evaluate the growth, respiratory activity, and biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in cultures of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837. A strategy based on the modification of culture media and aeration conditions was carried out to increase the cell concentration of A. vinelandii , in order to favor and determine its tolerance to chlorpyrifos and its degradation ability. The culture in shaken flasks, using sucrose as a carbon source, significantly improved the growth compared to media with mannitol. When the strain was cultivated under oxygen-limited (5.5, 11.25 mmol L- 1 h- 1 ) and no-oxygen-limited conditions (22 mmol L -1 h -1 ), the growth parameters were not affected. In cultures in a liquid medium with chlorpyrifos, the bacteria tolerated a high pesticide concentration (500 ppm) and the growth parameters were improved even under conditions with a reduced carbon source (sucrose 2 g L -1 ). The strain degraded 99.6 % of chlorpyrifos at 60 h of cultivation, in co-metabolism with sucrose; notably, A. vinelandii ATCC 12837 reduced by 50% the initial pesticide concentration in only 6 h (DT 50 ).
“…Chlorpyrifos is an effective organophosphorus pesticide that is widely used worldwide (Bose et al 2021;Sud et al 2020). Its degradation behavior in the environment and organisms, the types of metabolites, metabolic pathways and the fate of metabolites in the environment will affect the ecological environment and the safety of organisms (Akbar and Sultan 2016; Sanchez-Hernandez and Sandoval 2017).…”
UPLC-QTOF/MS technology was used to study the degradation and metabolism of chlorpyrifos during wheat growth by spraying plants with different doses of chlorpyrifos 7 days after the flowering and filling stage. We analyzed and identified chlorpyrifos metabolites in different parts of wheat in full-scan MSE mode and established a chlorpyrifos metabolite screening library using UNIFI software. The results showed that the residues of chlorpyrifos in wheat ears, leaves and stems showed a decreasing trend with the prolongation of application time, and the degradation kinetics could be fitted by the first-order kinetic equation Ct = C0 e− kt. The initial residues of chlorpyrifos in different parts of the wheat were different, which was in the order leaf > wheat ear > stem. The degradation rate of chlorpyrifos under field conditions is relatively fast, and the half-life value is 2.33–5.05 days. Chlorpyrifos can undergo a nucleophilic addition substitution reaction under the action of hydrolase to generate the secondary metabolite 3,5,6-TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol). The residual amount of 3,5,6-TCP in each part of wheat showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing over time; it reached the maximum on the 3rd, 7th or 11th day after application, and then gradually degraded. Considering that 3,5,6-TCP is a biomarker with potential threats to humans and animals, it is recommended that 3,5,6-TCP be included in the relevant regulations for dietary exposure risk assessment.
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