A Review on the Synthesis and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for Adsorption of Emerging Contaminants from Water

Bedia, Jorge; Peñas-Garzón, Manuel; Gómez-Avilés, Almudena; Rodrı́guez, Juan J.; Belver, Carolina

doi:10.3390/c4040063

Cited by 107 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 224 publications

(255 reference statements)

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“…They are widely used in many different applications including (1) adsorption, both in gas and liquid phases [2][3][4], (2) catalysis, mostly as supports of the active phases [5][6][7][8][9] but also as bulk catalysts [10][11][12][13], and (3) in electrochemical or energy storage applications for use as supercapacitors [14][15][16][17][18]. There is currently a reborn interest in research of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of activated carbons, as shown by recent reviews and the high number of publications on this topic that can be found in the technical literature [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Activated carbons can be synthesized from any carbonaceous precursor, such as coal [25][26][27], discarded tires [28][29][30], lignin [31][32][33], or biomass waste [34][35][36][37], among others, preferably with low inorganic content.…”

Section: Activated Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two different procedures for synthesizing activated carbons, namely physical activation and chemical activation ( Figure 1) [1,22]. The former consists of two different thermal steps.…”

Section: Activated Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the use of O 2 hinders the control of the gasification and thus porosity development, due to the high reactivity and exothermicity of the reaction with O 2 . [22]).…”

Section: Activated Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Bedia

Peñas-Garzón

Gómez-Avilés

et al. 2020

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127

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This study reviews the most relevant results on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of activated carbons obtained by novel chemical activation with FeCl3. The text includes a description of the activation mechanism, which compromises three different stages: (1) intense de-polymerization of the carbon precursor (up to 300 °C), (2) devolatilization and formation of the inner porosity (between 300 and 700 °C), and (3) dehydrogenation of the fixed carbon structure (>700 °C). Among the different synthesis conditions, the activation temperature, and, to a lesser extent, the impregnation ratio (i.e., mass ratio of FeCl3 to carbon precursor), are the most relevant parameters controlling the final properties of the resulting activated carbons. The characteristics of the carbons in terms of porosity, surface chemistry, and magnetic properties are analyzed in detail. These carbons showed a well-developed porous texture mainly in the micropore size range, an acidic surface with an abundance of oxygen surface groups, and a superparamagnetic character due to the presence of well-distributed iron species. These properties convert these carbons into promising candidates for different applications. They are widely analyzed as adsorbents in aqueous phase applications due to their porosity, surface acidity, and ease of separation. The presence of stable and well-distributed iron species on the carbons’ surface makes them promising catalysts for different applications. Finally, the presence of iron compounds has been shown to improve the graphitization degree and conductivity of the carbons; these are consequently being analyzed in energy storage applications.

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Section: Activated Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activated Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Bedia

Peñas-Garzón

Gómez-Avilés

et al. 2020

Self Cite

127

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“…The simultaneous occurrence of these interactions is the reason for the good performance of biochar as an adsorber for several typologies of compounds [138][139][140][141][142][143].…”

Section: Organic Pollutants Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Non-Soil Biochar Applications

et al. 2020

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Biochar is the solid residue that is recovered after the thermal cracking of biomasses in an oxygen-free atmosphere. Biochar has been used for many years as a soil amendment and in general soil applications. Nonetheless, biochar is far more than a mere soil amendment. In this review, we report all the non-soil applications of biochar including environmental remediation, energy storage, composites, and catalyst production. We provide a general overview of the recent uses of biochar in material science, thus presenting this cheap and waste-derived material as a high value-added and carbonaceous source.

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“…This type of modification is aimed at obtaining materials with significantly increased and selective sorbent capacity. Table 6 presents the surface area values for physically and chemically activated carbons obtained from different materials [99][100][101][102]. Table 6.…”

Section: Biochar As a Activated Carbonsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar as a Multifunctional Component of the Environment—A Review

et al. 2019

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The growing demand for electricity, caused by dynamic economic growth, leads to a decrease in the available non-renewable energy resources constituting the foundation of global power generation. A search for alternative sources of energy that can support conventional energy technologies utilizing fossil fuels is not only of key significance for the power industry but is also important from the point of view of environmental conservation and sustainable development. Plant biomass, with its specific chemical structure and high calorific value, is a promising renewable source of energy which can be utilized in numerous conversion processes, enabling the production of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. Methods of thermal biomass conversion include pyrolysis, i.e., a process allowing one to obtain a multifunctional product known as biochar. The article presents a review of information related to the broad uses of carbonization products. It also discusses the legal aspects and quality standards applicable to these materials. The paper draws attention to the lack of uniform legal and quality conditions, which would allow for a much better use of biochar. The review also aims to highlight the high potential for a use of biochar in different environments. The presented text attempts to emphasize the importance of biochar as an alternative to classic products used for energy, environmental and agricultural purposes.

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A Review on the Synthesis and Characterization of Biomass-Derived Carbons for Adsorption of Emerging Contaminants from Water

Cited by 107 publications

References 224 publications

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

Review on Activated Carbons by Chemical Activation with FeCl3

A Review of Non-Soil Biochar Applications

Biochar as a Multifunctional Component of the Environment—A Review

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