A Review on the Synthesis and Applications of Mesostructured Transition Metal Phosphates

Abstract

Considerable efforts have been devoted to extending the range of the elemental composition of mesoporous materials since the pioneering work of the M41S family of ordered mesoporous silica by Mobil researchers. The synthesis of transition metal-containing mesostructured materials with large surface area and high porosity has drawn great attention for its potential applications in acid and redox catalysis, photocatalysis, proton conducting devices, environmental restoration and so on. Thus, various transition metals-containing mesoporous materials, including transition metal-substituted mesoporous silicates, mesostructured transition metal oxides and transition metal phosphates (TMP), have been documented in the literature. Among these, mesostructured TMP materials are less studied, but possess some unique features, partly because of the easy and facile functionalization of PO4 and/or P–OH groups, rendering them interesting functional materials. This review first introduced the general synthesis strategies for manufacturing mesostructured TMP materials, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the respective method; then, we surveyed the ongoing developments of fabrication and application of the TMP materials in three groups on the basis of their components and application fields. Future perspectives on existing problems related to the present synthesis routes and further modifying of the functional groups for the purpose of tailoring special physical-chemical properties to meet wide application requirements were also provided in the last part.

Molecular Design of Bisphosphonates To Adjust Their Reactivity toward Metal Sources for the Surfactant‐Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Films

“…Additional control of the reactivity has been possible by utilizing the strong interaction with organic groups such as acetic acid, acetylacetone,a nd catechol [3][4][5] as well as by the use of non-aqueous systems. [6][7][8] Besides,i np rocesses for the synthesis of metal-phosphatebased materials,t he formation of M À O À Mb onds is remarkably suppressed by the presence of phosphate anions in the range of appropriate M/P molar ratios, [9,10] thus affording MÀ OÀPb onds homogeneously throughout the entire resultant solids without the formation of M À O À Mb onds.I nf act, we reported the delayed formation of M À O À Mb onds in the presence of anonreactive phosphite,P(OH) 3 ,asconfirmed in the titania system. [11] Avariety of mesoporous metal phosphonates have been reported so far; [12][13][14][15] however, many experiments were required for each composition of metal-phosphate-like inorganic units and organic groups for the fabrication of ordered mesostructures.T hus,t heir facile design in terms of their inorganic composition and the molecular functionality of organic groups attached to the Patom has not been achieved adequately to enable investigation of the extraordinary nature of this new family of mesoporous metal phosphonates containing organic spacers in the hybrid framework.…”

Mesoporous Materials‐Based Electrochemical Enzymatic Biosensors

“…They have indeed potential applications in adsorption 28–31, separation 32–34, catalysis 35–37, electrochemistry 38, 39, sensors 39–46 and biosensors 44, 47–53, drug delivery and other biomedical fields 54–58, immobilization of biomolecules and biocatalysis 59–64, environmental processes 28, 30, 31, 65, 66, energy conversion and storage 39, 66–69, and so on 70, 71. Nowadays, effective synthesis procedures have been developed to generate various types of ordered mesoporous materials, such as silica and silica‐based organic‐inorganic hybrid materials 1–8, 72, metal oxides other than silica 1, 9–12, 73–75, mesoporous non‐oxide materials 13, 14, 76, ordered porous metals 1, 11, 15, 16, ordered mesoporous carbons 1, 17–26, 77, 78, or mesostructured organic polymers 22, 26, 27. Many of them are particularly attractive for being used in electrochemical sensing and biosensing devices, in which one can take advantage of their support/hosting properties (i.e., for immobilization of biomolecules, catalysts, or charge transfer mediators), their intrinsic (electro)catalytic and/or conductivity properties (mainly mesoporous metal and carbon), their widely open, highly ordered and mechanically stable inorganic mesostructure (ensuring fast transport of reactants throughout highly porous and accessible spaces), and their ease of functionalization with huge amounts of diverse reactive moieties that can be attached to mesopore walls over wide surface areas (mainly on mesoporous silica), for instance.…”

Monodisperse Sandwich‐Like Coupled Quasi‐Graphene Sheets Encapsulating Ni2P Nanoparticles for Enhanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…because of their high capacities and low polarization associated with the low electrode expansion. [4,5] The electrochemical conversion mechanism of M x P y with Li + is commonly considered as: [6,7]…”