2021
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106514
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A review on the various beds used for immobilization of nanoparticles: Overcoming the barrier to nanoparticle applications in water and wastewater treatment

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Cited by 40 publications
(17 citation statements)
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“…Following the solution–diffusion theory, an increase in the nature of the membrane benefits water diffusion and controls the transport process through the membrane, improving its permeability. Conversely, immobilized nanoparticles have reduced active surface area, which entails the maximization of crucial parameters such as light irradiation and mass transfer ( Alipour Atmianlu et al, 2021 ). Different oxides nanoparticles (photocatalysts) have been explored, such as TiO 2 ( Martins et al, 2016 ), ZnO ( Shen et al, 2020 ), ZrO 2 ( Huang et al, 2021 ), WO 3 ( Gondal et al, 2017 ), as well as carbon-based nanomaterials such as GO ( Kusworo et al, 2021 ), g-C 3 N 4 ( Li et al, 2019 ) or SWCNTs ( Jue et al, 2020 ).…”
Section: Nanomaterials For Water Cleaning Nanotechnologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Following the solution–diffusion theory, an increase in the nature of the membrane benefits water diffusion and controls the transport process through the membrane, improving its permeability. Conversely, immobilized nanoparticles have reduced active surface area, which entails the maximization of crucial parameters such as light irradiation and mass transfer ( Alipour Atmianlu et al, 2021 ). Different oxides nanoparticles (photocatalysts) have been explored, such as TiO 2 ( Martins et al, 2016 ), ZnO ( Shen et al, 2020 ), ZrO 2 ( Huang et al, 2021 ), WO 3 ( Gondal et al, 2017 ), as well as carbon-based nanomaterials such as GO ( Kusworo et al, 2021 ), g-C 3 N 4 ( Li et al, 2019 ) or SWCNTs ( Jue et al, 2020 ).…”
Section: Nanomaterials For Water Cleaning Nanotechnologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Surface-coated membranes can be obtained by dip-coating, electrospraying, sputter deposition or gas-phase deposition which generates a nanoparticles layer on its surface ( Lakhotia et al, 2018 ; Alipour Atmianlu et al, 2021 ). Horovitz et al (2016) reported the dip-coating of a commercial alumina membrane with N-doped TiO 2 by the sol-gel method.…”
Section: Nanomaterials For Water Cleaning Nanotechnologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the small size of photocatalyst NPs renders them with high specific surface area and better photocatalytic efficiencies, the same makes it difficult and time-/energy-consuming to separate such small NPs from colloidal suspension after use. Hence, the use of nanomaterials in particulate/suspension form for real-life applications of water purification or wastewater treatment becomes nearly impractical due to the operational, energy-related, and economic difficulties associated with the management and recovery of nanomaterials. , Additionally, since the fate of nanomaterials and their impact on ecosystems and living beings are still little known, there is a growing environmental concern regarding their possible release into the environment. , Since these limitations are inherently related to the nanoscale nature of nanomaterials, anchoring or embedding them on/in macroscopic supports or substrates offers a viable and interesting option to design functional nanocomposite materials in suitable forms (membranes, thin film-coated surfaces/beads, and monolithic aerogels , ) for water treatment applications.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several methods, including adsorption, ozonation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and nanofiltration, have been investigated to eliminate CECs from WWTP effluents (Afonso‐Olivares et al, 2016; Alipour Atmianlu et al, 2021; Altmann et al, 2014; Alves et al, 2018; Baghdadi et al, 2016; Cerreta et al, 2019; Chávez et al, 2017; Rizzo et al, 2015; Streicher et al, 2016; Zietzschmann et al, 2014). Heterogeneous catalytic systems based on sulfate radicals (SO 4 ˙ − ) have recently attracted interest because of the longer life span of sulfate radicals, higher stability at relevant temperatures, and higher standard redox potential (2.5–3.1 V) than hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) (Kilic et al, 2019; Zou et al, 2021).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%