A Review on Tin Slag Polymer Concrete as Green Structural Material for Sustainable Future

Abstract

Ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC) is widely utilized in construction industry as structural material, but it has environmental issue due to natural resources consumption and Carbon emission. Therefore, polymer concrete (PC) with tin slag (TS) waste are introduced to replace aggregate and cement in OPC. Previous research on potential to apply TSPC as structural material has provided compressive strength data which shows that it can compete with OPC. PC using polyester and 100% TS aggregate with resin-aggregate ratio 30:70 consist of fine (<1 mm) uniformly graded aggregate has achieved compressive strength 58.21 MPa. After that, in another study, gap graded performance of TSPC using raw (4 mm) and coarse (2 mm) TS aggregate introduced and result in compressive strength 37.71 MPa, highest compared to other variation. By applying external FRP strengthening with two layers of CFRP increase strength to 125.07 MPa and finally uniformly graded TSPC with three layers of CFRP wrapping increased strength to 156.88 MPa. This discovery has contributed to the beginning of active study in TSPC as green structural material for sustainable future.

Experimental Study on Tin Slag Polymer Concrete Strengthening under Compression with Metallic Material Confinement

“…The whole test specimen consists of two parts: the TSPC core as main column specimen and the machined mild steel (MS) tube as metallic material confinement to strengthen the TSPC core. The main reference in fabricating the TSPC specimen is according to previous work completed by Faidzal et al [ 6 ], Shakil and Hassan [ 16 ], Hassan et al [ 17 ], Amirnuddin et al [ 19 ], Abdullah [ 18 ] and Manda et al [ 7 ]. In this research, TSPC cylindrical column specimens were prepared with casting process using 50 mm diameter and 100 mm length PVC pipe as mould.…”

“…The superiority of TSPC over conventional cement concrete material originated from the preferable properties of polymer concrete and the fact that TSPC is produced by recycling industrial waste as its primary composition. According to previous studies, polymer concrete is superior to cement concrete in terms of strength, quick curing, low cured shrinkage, excellent adhesion to most surfaces, resistance to chemicals and corrosion, excellent damping properties, low water absorbability, and the ability to be cast into complex shapes [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In addition to that, TSPC in particular has applied TS waste as aggregates which provide a solution to tin smelting production and also preserve natural aggregates.…”

“…In addition to strength enhancement, cement concrete material generally failed with brittle shear failure due to crushing during compressive loading application [ 20 ]. However, according to Manda et al [ 7 ], TSPC has shown brittle failure with additional plastic straining behaviour and the addition of FRP confinement has further modified the fracture behaviour of TSPC through effective stress transfer from the TSPC core to confinement material.…”

Effect of Hybrid FRP Confinement on Tin Slag Polymer Concrete Compressive Strength

“…Similar study has also been performed by [14] and [15] but on Tin Slag Polymer Concrete (TSPC) column. According to a recent review by [16], TSPC is a newly introduced polymer concrete material which composed of 30:70 unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and fine (<1mm) tin slag (TS) aggregates. In both studies by [14] and [15], GFRP and CFRP confinement on TSPC column has significantly increased the strength of TSPC column compared to the unconfined column.…”