A Review on TiO2 Nanotubes: Influence of Anodization Parameters, Formation Mechanism, Properties, Corrosion Behavior, and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

In this article, influence of anodization parameters on the formation of tubes, tube dimensions, formation mechanism, properties of TiO 2 nanotubes (TNT), and their applications in biomedical field are reviewed. The fabrication of TNT of a different shape such as pore size, length, and wall thickness by varying anodization parameters including electrolytes, pH, voltage, electrolyte bath temperature, and current density is examined and discussed. The crystallographic nature of the nanotube obtained by various methods has also been discussed. Finally, the article concludes by examining the key properties including the corrosion aspect and various applications in biomedical field in depth.

Dependence of Nanotextured Titanium Orthopedic Surfaces on Electrolyte Condition

“…The higher electric field intensity during the initial stage of anodization leads to larger oxide breakdown sites resulting in larger diameter nanotubes. The dissolution rate of oxide formation is affected by the pH of the electrolyte [17]. More acidic pH linearly increases the dissolution rate [18].…”

The effects of growth TiO2 nanotubes on forged Ti6Al4V alloy and selectivelaser sintered Ti6Al4V alloy surfaces for environment and medical applications

“…Considering the metallurgical state of TiAl6V alloy, because of its dual phase α and β, the resulting nanotubes will have different dimensions that can be modulated for a wide variety of applications [4].…”

“…The titanium surface functionalization with theTiO2 nanotube offers new solutions in environmental and medical applications, due to the fact that researchers are focusing on exploring particular properties of titanium surfaces for use in these areas [4].…”

Enhanced physical properties of the anodic TiO2 nanotubes via proper anodization time

“…These possible applications are due to the advantages of not-toxicity, thermal and chemical stabilities, high photocatalytic activity [9][10][11][12][13] and high surface area of the TiO 2 nanotubes [14,15]. TiO 2 nanotubes could be fabricated using numerous physical or chemical methods including sol-gel [16], electrochemical anodization [17], template [18], hydrothermal [19,20], micro-wave irradiation [21], alkaline [22] and sonoelectrochemical [23] methods.…”

“…Selforganized TiO 2 nanotubes grown by an electrochemical anodization method have attracted scientific interests because these nanotubes can directly synthesize on the titanium (Ti) surface, used directly as a back-contact electrode [24]. This method also is a simple, effective, low cost especially with great ability of controlling growth parameters (potential, PH, the chemistry of electrolyte solution and time) [10,25,26]. The chemical and physical properties of the anodic TiO 2 nanotubes are dependent on their growth conditions [27], so by changing growth parameters like anodization time, applied potential and electrolyte composition, morphological structure of the anodic TiO 2 nanotubes can be modified [28] and optimum anodic TiO 2 nanotubes can be obtained.…”