A review on transgenic approaches to accelerate breeding of woody plants

Flachowsky, Henryk; Hanke, Magda‐Viola; Peil, Andreas; Strauss, Steven H.; Fladung, Matthias

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2008.01591.x

Cited by 128 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Occurrences of additional acrocona phenotypes, such as the intermediate shoot phenotypes that develop in the segregating plants during the fifth growth cycle, suggest that the acrocona trait is semidominant. In contrast, linkage analysis between genetic markers and the early cone-setting phenotype has previously suggested that early cone setting is a dominant monogenic trait (Acheré et al, 2004), while early cone setting in inbred acrocona mutants has been reported to occur with a much lower frequency (3%) than reported here (Flachowsky et al, 2009). This indicates that the accelerated growth conditions are of importance for the penetrance of the early cone-setting phenotype or that different variants of the acrocona mutant have been collected over the past 150 years.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Early Cone Setting in Picea abies acrocona Is Associated with Increased Transcriptional Activity of a MADS Box Transcription Factor

et al. 2012

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Conifers normally go through a long juvenile period, for Norway spruce (Picea abies) around 20 to 25 years, before developing male and female cones. We have grown plants from inbred crosses of a naturally occurring spruce mutant (acrocona). One-fourth of the segregating acrocona plants initiate cones already in their second growth cycle, suggesting control by a single locus. The early cone-setting properties of the acrocona mutant were utilized to identify candidate genes involved in vegetative-toreproductive phase change in Norway spruce. Poly(A + ) RNA samples from apical and basal shoots of cone-setting and noncone-setting plants were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq). We assembled and investigated 33,383 expressed putative protein-coding acrocona transcripts. Eight transcripts were differentially expressed between selected sample pairs. One of these (Acr42124_1) was significantly up-regulated in apical shoot samples from cone-setting acrocona plants, and the encoded protein belongs to the MADS box gene family of transcription factors. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with independently derived plant material, we confirmed that the MADS box gene is up-regulated in both needles and buds of cone-inducing shoots when reproductive identity is determined. Our results constitute important steps for the development of a rapid cycling model system that can be used to study gene function in conifers. In addition, our data suggest the involvement of a MADS box transcription factor in the vegetative-to-reproductive phase change in Norway spruce.The two most commonly grown and economically important conifers in Sweden, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), both go through a long vegetative growth phase before they begin to produce cones; the vegetative growth period is 20 to 25 years and 8 to 20 years for Norway spruce and Scots pine, respectively. Mature Scots pine trees produce cones every year, while mature Norway spruce trees produce cones only every 3rd to 5th year. The timing of cone establishment is largely synchronized within the various spruce populations and is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Lindgren et al., 1977;Högberg and Eriksson, 1994). The long generation time and the irregular cone setting between different years pose major obstacles for breeding of Norway spruce both with respect to genetic gain and retained diversity. To guarantee a sufficient seed supply, forest companies have to plant and maintain large seed orchards and in addition store large quantities of seeds to cover the demand during years of little or no seed production. Both conifer breeding programs and the production of improved seed for forest regeneration would benefit from methods to control the length of the vegetative period before the trees start to produce cones as well as the possibilities to control cone setting and cone production itself. Despite that, our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms that regulate the transition from vegetati...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

Early Cone Setting in Picea abies acrocona Is Associated with Increased Transcriptional Activity of a MADS Box Transcription Factor

et al. 2012

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“…In citrus, the seedling juvenile period is considerably long (1.5 to 20 years), hampering classical breeding efforts, linkage analysis for various important traits and functional evaluations of genes of interest relating to reproductive organs. This is a common problem among woody plants, and various molecular approaches to shorten juvenile periods have been attempted (Flachowsky et al 2009). …”

Section: Fine Mapping Of a Locus Involved In Polyembryonymentioning

confidence: 99%

Citrus genomics

Gmitter

Chen

Machado³

et al. 2012

Tree Genetics & Genomes

103

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Citrus fruits (sweet orange, mandarin, pummelo, grapefruit, lemon, lime and assorted hybrids) are among the most widely grown and economically important fruit tree crops in the world. As fresh fruit, they are an important and nutrient dense food source for human diets; as processed juice products, primarily sweet orange juice, they represent a globally traded commodity. To support genetic improvement efforts for this important crop, the international citrus genetics community has collaborated with international sequencing centers in the development of freely available genomic resources, some of which are described herein. Most notable, two full-length annotated genome assemblies have been produced and made available to the global research community. The first genome, based exclusively on Sanger sequencing, is from a haploid plant derived from 'Clementine' mandarin, to serve as the reference genome for citrus. A second genome assembly was produced from the sweet orange clone 'Ridge Pineapple', this was done primarily with 454 technology. Extensive EST datasets and a number of microarray platforms for exploring the transcriptomic responses of citrus species and hybrids to a wide range of conditions have been shared, to support exploitation and utilization of genome sequence information. As many researchers in the citrus genomics community are also actively engaged in genetic improvement programs, there has been a natural integration of improvement efforts with the rapidly evolving genomic tools. Examples described below include work designed to better understand the control of gene expression in citrus polyploids, which are being used in development of seedless triploid selections or as rootstocks; unraveling the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions to devise novel genetic strategies to overcome a multitude of devastating diseases that currently threaten citrus production globally; and the mining of SSR and SNP markers for linkage studies to enable marker-assisted parental selection and breeding strategies, illustrated bywork on two citrus traits, nucellar embryony and juvenility, which significantly impact breeding approaches. Citrus genome resources are available through publicly available web portals, through the USDOEJGI (phytozome.net) and Tree Fruit Genome Database Resources (tfGDR, citrusgenomedb.org). Work is continuing to expand and improve the citrus genome sequence resources and tools, to enable application of sequence-derived knowledge in improving citrus plants and to managing better their interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. (Résumé d'auteur

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“…Linkage mapping from experimental populations is very widespread in herbaceous crops, such as wheat and rice, but this is not the case for tree crops, such as apple and pear . The main reasons are the high costs of maintaining a population of trees suitable for linkage mapping and their long juvenile period, especially when working with adult traits such as fruit quality or dormancy of reproductive buds (Flachowsky et al 2009;Grattapaglia and Kirst 2008;Neale and Kremer 2011;Myles 2013).…”

Section: Linkage Mapping Of Dormancy-related Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%