A Review on Various Secondary Controllers and Optimization Techniques in Automatic Generation Control

Bhagat, Sanjeev Kumar; Babu, Naladi Ram; Saikia, Lalit Chandra; Chiranjeevi, Tirumalasetty; Devarapalli, Ramesh; Márquez, Fausto Pedro García

doi:10.1007/s11831-023-09895-z

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 193 publications

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“…As a result, a significant and crucial difficulty in controller design is choosing a successful optimization strategy. 27 The genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), Harris hawk's optimization (HHO), 13 quasi opposition-based whale algorithm (QOWOA), 28 fruit fly algorithm, moth swarm algorithm, and electro-search algorithm supported by balloon effect were developed by the researcher to address these problems. Additionally, a focus is being focused specifically on the use of different optimization methodologies to assist in the solution of technical challenges, notably the AGC of the MPS problem.…”

Section: Survey Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To optimize controller settings and provide appropriate solutions for AGC, modern optimization techniques have been beneficial in this regard. As a result, a significant and crucial difficulty in controller design is choosing a successful optimization strategy 27 . The genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), Harris hawk's optimization (HHO), 13 quasi opposition‐based whale algorithm (QOWOA), 28 fruit fly algorithm, moth swarm algorithm, and electro‐search algorithm supported by balloon effect were developed by the researcher to address these problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing frequency regulation in multi‐area interconnected MPS with virtual inertia using MPC + PIDN controller

Vidyarthi,

Kumar

2024

Optim Control Appl Methods

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The challenge of controlling frequency deviation becomes more difficult as the complexity of a power network increases. The robustness of the controller has a major impact on the stability of a Modern Power system (MPS). Due to the hybridization of MPS basic AGC controllers (PID, FOPID, and TID) are insufficient to give optimal performance of a plant. This requires a robust controller. So, a novel MPC + PIDN controller has been proposed and evaluated by comparing it with several existing controllers, which gives optimal performance in terms of overshoot, undershoot, and settling time. A new modified Opposition‐based Sea‐horse Optimization (OSHO) method has been suggested to optimize the various controller settings. To demonstrate the OSHO's superiority, it is compared with a few popular, existing meta‐heuristic optimizations. The higher penetration levels of RESs reduced system inertia which further deteriorate frequency response in MPS. To overcome these challenges virtual inertia (VI) is implemented with MPC. VI is applied to improve the performance of the AGC of the interconnected MPS along with emphasizing the nature of intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) of PV and wind energy. To determine the reliability and flexibility of the proposed controller, analysis has been done under a different situation, including step, random disturbances, and modified IEEE‐39 bus. Finally, the stability analysis is performed on a bode plot and the proposed results are compared with previously published literature. The extensive study demonstrates strong evidence that the suggested control approach is efficient and effective.

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Section: Survey Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing frequency regulation in multi‐area interconnected MPS with virtual inertia using MPC + PIDN controller

Vidyarthi,

Kumar

2024

Optim Control Appl Methods

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“…MADM techniques like rank sum weight, AHP and rank exponent are implemented for AGC problem of 2-APS in the literature 16 – 19 . AGC ensures maintaining the overall power balance of the system that is dependent on critical factors such as frequency deviation, area control errors, and tie-line power deviation 20 , 21 . The controllers used in AGC play an important role in correcting system imbalances 22 – 24 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process based generation management for interconnected power system

Varshney,

Waghmare,

Singh

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Decision makers consistently face the challenge of simultaneously assessing numerous attributes, determining their respective importance, and selecting an appropriate method for calculating their weights. This article addresses the problem of automatic generation control (AGC) in a two area power system (2-APS) by proposing fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), an multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) technique, to determine weights for sub-objective functions. The integral-time-absolute-errors (ITAE) of tie-line power fluctuation, frequency deviations and area control errors, are defined as the sub-objectives. Each of these is given a weight by the FAHP method, which then combines them into an single final objective function. This objective function is then used to design a PID controller. To improve the optimization of the objective function, the Jaya optimization algorithm (JOA) is used in conjunction with other optimization techniques such as sine cosine algorithm (SCA), Luus–Jaakola algorithm (LJA), Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm (NMSA), symbiotic organism search algorithm (SOSA) and elephant herding optimization algorithm (EHOA). Six distinct experimental cases are conducted to evaluate the controller’s performance under various load conditions, with data plotted to show responses corresponding to fluctuations in frequency and tie-line exchange. Furthermore, statistical analysis is performed to gain a better understanding of the effectiveness of the JOA-based PID controller. For non-parametric evaluation, Friedman rank test is also used to validate the performance of the proposed JOA-based controller.

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“…It is responsible for governing the electric power generated by the producing units to ensure that the frequency of the grid remains within acceptable limits. [1][2][3] AGC is a complex control system that involves the monitoring and control of various parameters such as load, frequency, and power output of generators. The system uses advanced control algorithms to determine the optimal power output for each generator, based on the real-time changes in the grid's load demand and generation capacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Automatic generation control (AGC), a vital component of power systems, assists to maintain the equilibrium between the consumption and production of electrical power within a grid. It is responsible for governing the electric power generated by the producing units to ensure that the frequency of the grid remains within acceptable limits 1–3 . AGC is a complex control system that involves the monitoring and control of various parameters such as load, frequency, and power output of generators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified tilt controller for AGC in hybrid power system integrating forecasting of renewable energy sources

Vidyarthi,

Kumar

2023

Optim Control Appl Methods

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This article emphasizes the intermittent characteristics of renewable energy sources (RESs) and explores the role of forecasting in improving the performance of the automatic generation control (AGC) mechanism of the interconnected power system. Due to hybridization of power system basic AGC controller (PID, TID, and ID‐T) are insufficient to stabilized the system parameters. So, a new type of fractional order integral tilted derivative controller (FIDN‐T) has been proposed, which give better performance in terms of settling time, undershoot and overshoot in case of RESs with real data forecasting also. FIDN‐T has been compared with some existing controller which give the results better than basic controller. In order to optimize the different parameters of the proposed controller, a new modified Opposition‐based Sea‐horse Optimization (OSHO) algorithm has been proposed. The OSHO is compared with a few existing, well‐known meta‐heuristic algorithms to show its superiority. The analysis has been conducted under different operating conditions, including step and random disturbances as well as the IEEE‐39 bus, to verify the robustness as well as adaptability of the suggested controller. The comprehensive results of the studies provide strong evidence in support of the effectiveness and efficacy of the suggested control methods and suggest that it has the potential to be implemented in real‐world power systems for improved performance and stability.

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A Review on Various Secondary Controllers and Optimization Techniques in Automatic Generation Control

Cited by 13 publications

References 193 publications

Enhancing frequency regulation in multi‐area interconnected MPS with virtual inertia using MPC + PIDN controller

Enhancing frequency regulation in multi‐area interconnected MPS with virtual inertia using MPC + PIDN controller

Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process based generation management for interconnected power system

A modified tilt controller for AGC in hybrid power system integrating forecasting of renewable energy sources

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