A Review on Vitamin D Deficiency

Abstract

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in bone metabolism and seems to have some anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties. In addition, recent epidemiologic studies have observed relationships between low vitamin D levels and multiple disease states. Low vitamin D levels are associated with increased overall and cardiovascular mortality, cancer incidence and mortality, and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Although it is well known that the combination of vitamin D and calcium is necessary to maintain bone density as people age, vitamin D may also be an independent risk factor for falls among the elderly.
 Vitamin D had been linked to skeletal disease including calcium, phosphorus, and bone metabolism, osteoporosis, fractures, muscle strength, and falls. In the 2000s, growing scientific attention turned to non-skeletal chronic diseases as vitamin D deficiency was linked to cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases, as well as mortality.

Noninvasive treatment of psoriasis and skin rejuvenation using an akermanite‐type narrowband emitting phosphor

“…A material that emits luminescence when it is incident to electromagnetic radiation of a specific wavelength is commonly referred to as a ‘Luminescent Material/Phosphor’ [1]. Most often, phosphors emit radiation belonging to the electromagnetic spectrum.…”