A Review: Supplementation of Foods with Essential Fatty Acids—Can It Turn a Breeze without Further Ado?

Ganesh, Vijayalakshmi; Hettiarachchy, Navam

doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.765383

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…In addition, AMPs can be used associated with nanoparticles (NPs) (Sharma et al, 2018 ). They could have several shapes and formulations (e.g., nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles, chitosan-containing, and metal-containing nanoparticles) (Huhand and Kwon, 2011 ; Pelgrift and Friedman, 2013 ), and delivery systems, such as microencapsulation (Ganesh and Hettiarachchy, 2016 ; Kaikabo et al, 2016 ; Suresh et al, 2018 ), improving the bacterial control system. NPs can boost the effectiveness in the treatment of infectious diseases, besides protecting the peptide from degradation in the physiological environment (Rodrigues G. et al, 2019 ; Rodrigues G. R. et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Peptides Controlling Resistant Bacteria in Animal Production

2022

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In the last few decades, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a worldwide concern. The excessive use of antibiotics affects animal and human health. In the last few years, livestock production has used antibiotics as food supplementation. This massive use can be considered a principal factor in the accelerated development of genetic modifications in bacteria. These modifications are responsible for AMR and can be widespread to pathogenic and commensal bacteria. In addition, these antibiotic residues can be dispersed by water and sewer water systems, the contamination of soil and, water and plants, in addition, can be stocked in tissues such as muscle, milk, eggs, fat, and others. These residues can be spread to humans by the consumption of water or contaminated food. In addition, studies have demonstrated that antimicrobial resistance may be developed by vertical and horizontal gene transfer, producing a risk to public health. Hence, the World Health Organization in 2000 forbid the use of antibiotics for feed supplementation in livestock. In this context, to obtain safe food production, one of the potential substitutes for traditional antibiotics is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In general, AMPs present anti-infective activity, and in some cases immune response. A limited number of AMP-based drugs are now available for use in animals and humans. This use is still not widespread due to a few problems like in-vivo effectiveness, stability, and high cost of production. This review will elucidate the different AMPs applications in animal diets, in an effort to generate safe food and control AMR.

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Section: Concluding Remarks and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Peptides Controlling Resistant Bacteria in Animal Production

2022

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“…Net rearing system ducks in current study exhibited the escalated ƩMUFA, ƩMUFA/ƩSFA, and the increasing trend of ƩSFA extensively, implying a positive impact of NRS on meat flavor improvement. Current study also showed fatty acids including C20:5(n-3), C20:4(n-6), C22:6(n-3), C18:2(n-6)c, C18:3(n-3), and C20:3(n-6) were higher in NRS ducks, among which C18:2(n-6)c, C18:3(n-3), and C20:4(n-6) were essential fatty acids ( Dal Bosco et al., 2016 ), C18:2(n-6)c and C18:3(n-3) were also important substrates for the synthesis of n-6 and n-3 long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids ( LC-PUFA ), including C22:5(n-3), C20:5(n-3), and C22:6(n-3) ( Ganesh and Hettiarachchy, 2016 ). This finding indicated NRS ducks might have better absorption of essential fatty acids and less fatty acids utilization than FRS ducks, which may result from the fewer exercise ducks would take in NRS, because physical exercise results in fatty acids oxidation in muscles ( Musi et al., 2003 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different rearing systems on intramuscular fat content, fatty acid composition, and lipid metabolism–related genes expression in breast and thigh muscles of Nonghua ducks

Guo

Deng

et al. 2020

Poultry Science

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Rearing system is a critical nongenetic factor influencing meat quality of ducks. In this study, a total of 360 birds were randomly allocated into floor rearing system ( FRS ) and net rearing system ( NRS ) to compare their effects on intramuscular fat ( IMF ) deposition, fatty acid composition, and related gene expression in muscles of Nonghua ducks. Sawdust bedding and stainless mesh bed were equipped in FRS and NRS, respectively. At the eighth week ( 8w ) and 13th week ( 13w ), the breast and thigh muscles of ducks were collected to determine the profiles of lipids composition and the expressions of lipid metabolism–related genes. The IMF content was higher in 13w-FRS than 8w-FRS and 8w-NRS in breast muscle, whereas it was higher in 13w-NRS than other groups in thigh muscle ( P < 0.05). C16:1, C20:5(n-3) of muscles were higher in 8w-NRS than 8w-FRS, whereas C18:1(n-9)c, C18:2(n-6)c, Ʃ monounsaturated fatty acid ( MUFA ), and ƩMUFA/Ʃsaturated fatty acid ( SFA ) ratio of muscles were higher in 13w-NRS than 8w-FRS and 8w-NRS ( P < 0.05). C22:6(n-3), C20:4(n-6) of breast muscle and C20:3(n-6) of thigh muscle were higher in 13w-NRS than 13w-FRS ( P < 0.05). Fatty acids variation was studied by principal component analysis, exhibiting extensive positive loadings on principal components. SREBP1 , ACADL , and FABP3 were downregulated in breast muscle, whereas PPARα and ELOVL5 were upregulated in thigh muscle of NRS ducks at 13w. Principal components were extensively correlated with lipids composition parameters, and principal components of breast muscle 1 and principal components of thigh muscle 1 were correlated with SREBP1 and PPARα , respectively ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, with increasing age, FRS enhanced IMF deposition in breast muscle, and the same promotion in thigh muscle was because of NRS. The variation of fatty acids in muscles was uniform, and the change of single fatty acid was unable to distinguish NRS and FRS. However, as NRS downregulated SREBP1 , ACADL and FABP3 in breast muscle and upregulated PPARα and ELOVL5 in thigh muscle, NRS could improve nutrient value and meat quality by increasing ƩMUFA, ƩMUFA/ƩSFA ratio, and important PUFA levels. Therefore, NRS was more recommended than FRS for Nonghua ducks during week 8 to 13 posthatching.

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“…1). DHA is crucial to visual acuity and neural development and is the most abundant ω-3 fatty acid in the brain and retina of mammals1320212223242526. DHA also modulates the carrier-mediated transport of choline, glycine, and taurine27, the latter being crucial to neuronal development28.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changeover from signalling to energy-provisioning lipids during transition from colostrum to mature milk in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Zhang

Watson

Zhang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Among the large placental mammals, ursids give birth to the most altricial neonates with the lowest neonatal:maternal body mass ratios. This is particularly exemplified by giant pandas. To examine whether there is compensation for the provision of developmentally important nutrients that other species groups may provide in utero, we examined changes in the lipids of colostrum and milk with time after birth in giant pandas. Lipids that are developmental signals or signal precursors, and those that are fundamental to nervous system construction, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and phosphatidylserines, appear early and then fall dramatically in concentration to a baseline at 20–30 days. The dynamics of lysophosphatidic acid and eicosanoids display similar patterns, but with progressive differences between mothers. Triglycerides occur at relatively low levels initially and increase in concentration until a plateau is reached at about 30 days. These patterns indicate an early provision of signalling lipids and their precursors, particularly lipids crucial to brain, retinal and central nervous system development, followed by a changeover to lipids for energy metabolism. Thus, in giant pandas, and possibly in all bears, lactation is adapted to provisioning a highly altricial neonate to a degree that suggests equivalence to an extension of gestation.

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A Review: Supplementation of Foods with Essential Fatty Acids—Can It Turn a Breeze without Further Ado?

Cited by 18 publications

References 74 publications

Antimicrobial Peptides Controlling Resistant Bacteria in Animal Production

Antimicrobial Peptides Controlling Resistant Bacteria in Animal Production

Effects of different rearing systems on intramuscular fat content, fatty acid composition, and lipid metabolism–related genes expression in breast and thigh muscles of Nonghua ducks

Changeover from signalling to energy-provisioning lipids during transition from colostrum to mature milk in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

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