“…Beyond focusing on specific content of speech, conversational robots can further affect the user's mental state in the way they speak. Robots can perform back-channelling to give the appearance of active listening (Birnbaum et al, 2016;Sebo et al, 2020), or give informative feedback to improve task performance (Guneysu and Arnrich, 2017;Law et al, 2017;Sharifara et al, 2018), a user's self-efficacy (Zafari et al, 2019), or their motivation (Mucchiani et al, 2017;Shao et al, 2019). Robots can choose to only interrupt a distracted user at appropriate times (Sirithunge et al, 2018;Unhelkar et al, 2020).…”