“…Specifically, the former is that the pixel values of host image are changed directly to embed watermark, which has low computational complexity but the ability of resisting image processing attack and geometric attack is relatively weak (Makbol & Khoo, 2014). The latter is that the transform coefficients of the cover image are used to embed the watermark, and the transform coefficients can be obtained by performing different transform, e.g., Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) (Yadav et al, 2018), Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) (Su et al, 2012), redundant discrete wavelet transform (H.-C. , discrete cosine transform (Barni et al, 1998), and discrete Fourier transform (Pun, 2006) etc. Compared with space domain insertion, the robustness of transform domain insertion is better, while the computational complexity is higher.…”