A role for heterodimerization in nuclear localization of a homeodomain protein

Spit, A. F.; Hyland, Robert H.; Mellor, E. J.; Casselton, Lorna A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.95.11.6228

Cited by 92 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In S. commune, homodimerization between full-length HD1 proteins has been shown in vitro (11), and it will have to be established in the future whether this is also the case for C. cinereus. However, in an elegant study using a heterologous onion-␤-glucuronidase (GUS) expression system, Spit et al (442) demonstrated that NLSs are present in HD1 but not in HD2 proteins, which is consistent with a dual nuclear function of HD1 proteins, one in transport of HD2 proteins into the nucleus by heterodimerization and another independent of HD2 proteins. Different HD1 proteins seem to make different use of two possible NLS sequences (NLS1 and NLS2), both found C-terminal to the homeodomains (16,258,477).…”

Section: Vol 64 2000 Developmental Processes In Coprinus Cinereusmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Different HD1 proteins seem to make different use of two possible NLS sequences (NLS1 and NLS2), both found C-terminal to the homeodomains (16,258,477). NLS1 is essential in the HD1 protein b1-1, encoded in a b gene pair (442). In contrast, NLS1 can be deleted in protein d1-1, coming from a d gene pair, as long as NLS2 is still present (13).…”

Section: Vol 64 2000 Developmental Processes In Coprinus Cinereusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, NLS1 can be deleted in protein d1-1, coming from a d gene pair, as long as NLS2 is still present (13). Introduction of an NLS into an HD2 protein can transfer the protein into the nucleus but does not render the protein independent of HD1 proteins, indicating that an NLS is not the only contribution of the HD1 partners in the HD1-HD2 heterodimeric complex (442). Using a yeast two-hybrid system, a potential transactivation domain was located in a C-terminal part of HD1 proteins known to be essential for heterodimer function in C. cinereus (22,258,477).…”

Section: Vol 64 2000 Developmental Processes In Coprinus Cinereusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Kües

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

435

336

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SUMMARY Coprinus cinereus has two main types of mycelia, the asexual monokaryon and the sexual dikaryon, formed by fusion of compatible monokaryons. Syngamy (plasmogamy) and karyogamy are spatially and temporally separated, which is typical for basidiomycetous fungi. This property of the dikaryon enables an easy exchange of nuclear partners in further dikaryotic-monokaryotic and dikaryotic-dikaryotic mycelial fusions. Fruiting bodies normally develop on the dikaryon, and the cytological process of fruiting-body development has been described in its principles. Within the specialized basidia, present within the gills of the fruiting bodies, karyogamy occurs in a synchronized manner. It is directly followed by meiosis and by the production of the meiotic basidiospores. The synchrony of karyogamy and meiosis has made the fungus a classical object to study meiotic cytology and recombination. Several genes involved in these processes have been identified. Both monokaryons and dikaryons can form multicellular resting bodies (sclerotia) and different types of mitotic spores, the small uninucleate aerial oidia, and, within submerged mycelium, the large thick-walled chlamydospores. The decision about whether a structure will be formed is made on the basis of environmental signals (light, temperature, humidity, and nutrients). Of the intrinsic factors that control development, the products of the two mating type loci are most important. Mutant complementation and PCR approaches identified further genes which possibly link the two mating-type pathways with each other and with nutritional regulation, for example with the cAMP signaling pathway. Among genes specifically expressed within the fruiting body are those for two galectins, β-galactoside binding lectins that probably act in hyphal aggregation. These genes serve as molecular markers to study development in wild-type and mutant strains. The isolation of genes for potential non-DNA methyltransferases, needed for tissue formation within the fruiting body, promises the discovery of new signaling pathways, possibly involving secondary fungal metabolites.

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Section: Vol 64 2000 Developmental Processes In Coprinus Cinereusmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Vol 64 2000 Developmental Processes In Coprinus Cinereusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vol 64 2000 Developmental Processes In Coprinus Cinereusmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Kües

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

435

336

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“…Heterodimerization of an HD1 with an HD2 protein is possible between allelic versions of different specificities present in one cell. The heterodimer creates an active transcription factor necessary for the activation of the target genes of the A mating type pathway (3,50,51,77,106).…”

Section: Molecular Structure Of a Mating Type Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

2010

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2The genome sequences of the basidiomycete Agaricomycetes species Coprinopsis cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Postia placenta, as well as of Cryptococcus neoformans and Ustilago maydis, are now publicly available. Out of these fungi, C. cinerea, S. commune, and U. maydis, together with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been investigated for years genetically and molecularly for signaling in sexual reproduction. The comparison of the structure and organization of mating type genes in fungal genomes reveals an amazing conservation of genes regulating the sexual reproduction throughout the fungal kingdom. In agaricomycetes, two mating type loci, A, coding for homeodomain type transcription factors, and B, encoding a pheromone/receptor system, regulate the four typical mating interactions of tetrapolar species. Evidence for both A and B mating type genes can also be identified in basidiomycetes with bipolar systems, where only two mating interactions are seen. In some of these fungi, the B locus has lost its self/nonself discrimination ability and thus its specificity while retaining the other regulatory functions in development. In silico analyses now also permit the identification of putative components of the pheromone-dependent signaling pathways. Induction of these signaling cascades leads to development of dikaryotic mycelia, fruiting body formation, and meiotic spore production. In pheromone-dependent signaling, the role of heterotrimeric G proteins, components of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways can now be defined. Additionally, the pheromone-dependent signaling through monomeric, small GTPases potentially involved in creating the polarized cytoskeleton for reciprocal nuclear exchange and migration during mating is predicted. THE MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETESThe typical life cycle of the higher basidiomycetes, presently classified as Agaricomycetes (Table 1) (34), consists of haploid, monokaryotic as well as dikaryotic stages, the latter of which prevails in nature. The monokaryotic mycelium contains nuclei of only one genetic type and is thus termed homokaryon. This mycelium, grown from haploid spores, in general contains one nucleus per cell (Fig. 1). The dikaryon is formed when genetically different homokaryons mate. In the saprotrophic agaricomycetes, the mushroom-forming species Schizophyllum commune and Coprinopsis cinerea (Table 1), mating is regulated by a tetrapolar system consisting of two unlinked genetic complexes, named A and B. The term tetrapolar reflects the fact that there are four possible mating interactions scored in matings between haploid strains derived from spores formed on the fruiting bodies of same parent dikaryon: a fully compatible interaction occurs when both A and B between the mates are of different specificities (Fig. 1), an incompatible interaction occurs when allelic specificities are all the same, and two semicompatible interactions occur when either A-o...

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“…Cell-cell fusion-induced formation of a transcriptional regulatory complex from components contributed by each fusion partner is employed by some fungi (Johnson 1995;Kamper et al 1995;Spit et al 1998;Vershon and Pierce 2000). After formation of a diploid cell in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the homeodomain protein MAT␣2 from the haploid ␣ cell and the transcription factor a1 from the haploid a cell form a complex that represses ␣-specific and a-specific genes and eventually (and probably indirectly) brings about meiosis (Johnson 1995;Vershon and Pierce 2000).…”

Section: A Model For Gsp1 Regulation Of Zygote-specific Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ectopic expression of a Chlamydomonas mt+-specific homeodomain protein in mt− gametes initiates zygote development without gamete fusion

Zhao¹,

Lu²,

Singh³

et al. 2001

Genes Dev.

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The molecular mechanisms that activate expression of zygote genes after fertilization are obscure. In animals, receptor-ligand interactions during sperm-egg membrane fusion as well as delivery of putative regulatory molecules by the sperm into the egg cytoplasm are proposed to activate zygote development and subsequent transcription of zygote genes. The mechanisms of activation of zygote development in higher plants also are mysterious, in part because of the difficulty of isolating female gametes of higher plants. In the unicellular, biflagellated green alga Chlamydomonas, the early steps in zygote development are much more accessible to investigation. Within minutes after mating type plus (mt+) and mating type minus (mt−) gametes fuse, expression of several zygote-specific transcripts is induced independently of protein synthesis. Here, we show that ectopic expression in mt− gametes of an mt+ gamete-specific, homeodomain protein, GSP1, induces a zygote-like phenotype and activates expression of zygote genes. One of the genes, zsp2, expressed in these "haploid zygotes" encodes a zygote cell surface adhesion molecule that promotes formation of multicellular aggregates. In total, expression of six out of seven zygote genes examined was induced by ectopic expression of GSP1. Our experiments show that in addition to contributing their genomes to the zygote cytoplasm, gametes also deliver proteins that can activate gene transcription.

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A role for heterodimerization in nuclear localization of a homeodomain protein

Cited by 92 publications

References 43 publications

Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Life History and Developmental Processes in the BasidiomyceteCoprinus cinereus

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

Ectopic expression of a Chlamydomonas mt+-specific homeodomain protein in mt− gametes initiates zygote development without gamete fusion

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