“…In the heart, unlike our findings in the brain, inhibition of TAK1 by 5Z-7-oxozeaenol led to increased cardiomyocyte death after cardiac ischemia (Sicard, et al, 2009), suggesting that TAK1 has anti-apoptotic effects. In contrast, several studies have shown that activation of TAK1 has enhanced apoptosis via activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and JNK in fibroblasts (Matluk, et al, 2010, Resch, et al, 2009, Sorrentino, et al, 2008) and both JNK and its downstream target c-Jun, are well recognized pro-apoptotic factors in ischemic brain (Neubert, et al, 2011, Nijboer, et al, 2010) consistent with our results demonstrating neuroprotection and the significant decrease in stroke-induced pJNK levels with TAK inhibition. Therefore, the effects of TAK1 on apoptosis may be dependent on the duration of ischemia, reperfusion status, and the tissue examined, similar to what has been seen with AMPK activation (Weisova, et al, 2011).…”