“…In several other types of carcinomas, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer, CEA often shows elevation in serum level, which indicates its potentiality as being a tumor marker for clinical cancer diagnosis [ 195 , 196 , 197 ]. Therefore, quantitative measurements of CEA in biological fluids such as blood and serum are critical for locating, and understanding the prognosis, staging, and recurrence of multiple cancers [ 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 ]. For electrochemical immunosensor/aptasensor assays, MNP-based probes which have strong biocompatibility and electrical conductivity are of great interest [ 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 , 205 ].…”