A SAXS/WAXS/GISAXS Beamline with Multilayer Monochromator

Hexemer, Alexander; Bras, Wim; Glossinger, James; Schaible, Eric; Gann, Eliot; Kirian, Richard A.; MacDowell, Alastair A.; Church, Matthew; Rude, B.; Padmore, H. A.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/247/1/012007

Cited by 528 publications

(538 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Small angle x-ray scattering.-Synchrotron small-and wideangle X-ray scattering (SAXS / WAXS) were performed at the Advanced Light Source, Beamline 7.3.3 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 23 to probe the microstructure of the Li-N117. The sampleto-detector distance and beam center were calibrated using a silver behenate standard.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of the Ionic Conductivity and Species Crossover of Lithiated Nafion 117 in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

Darling

Gallagher

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Nonaqueous redox flow batteries are a fast-growing area of research and development motivated by the need to develop lowcost energy storage systems. The identification of a highly conductive, yet selective membrane, is of paramount importance to enabling such a technology. Herein, we report the swelling behavior, ionic conductivity, and species crossover of lithiated Nafion 117 membranes immersed in three nonaqueous electrolytes (PC, PC : EC, and DMSO). Our results show that solvent volume fraction within the membrane has the greatest effect on both conductivity and crossover. An approximate linear relationship between diffusive crossover of neutral redox species (ferrocene) and the ionic conductivity of membrane was observed. As a secondary effect, the charge on redox species modifies crossover rates in accordance with Donnan exclusion. The selectivity of membrane is derived mathematically and compared to experimental results reported here. The relatively low selectivity for lithiated Nafion 117 in nonaqueous conditions suggests that new membranes are required for competitive nonaqueous redox flow batteries to be realized. Large scale energy storage for the electricity grid is widely considered to be necessary for enabling the use of intermittent renewables as primary power sources, for stabilizing power delivery in developing economies, and for facilitating a range of high-value grid services aimed at improving efficiency and lifetime.1 To date, broad market penetration of energy storage systems has been hindered primarily by high installation and operation costs, resulting in only ∼2.5% of the total electricity production in the US relying on grid energy storage predominantly in the form of pumped hydro-electric.2 However, the rapid and sustained growth of renewable electricity generation (e.g., solar photovoltaic, wind) continues to drive the need for advanced low cost energy storage.3-5 While certain energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, are currently at a price point to fulfill niche markets, 6 present electrical energy storage technologies, in general, are still not economically viable for wide-scale deployment, spurring research and development efforts worldwide. 7Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are electrochemical systems wellsuited for multi-hour energy storage and offer several key advantages over enclosed batteries (e.g., Li-ion, Lead-acid) including independent scaling of power and energy, long service life, improved safety, and simplified manufacturing. [8][9][10][11] Since their advent in the 1970s, 12 numerous aqueous redox chemistries have been developed but none has experienced widespread commercial success. The use of nonaqueous electrolytes in flow batteries is a nascent, yet burgeoning, concept.Transitioning from aqueous to nonaqueous electrolytes offers an extended window of electrochemical stability (> 3 V) and an enriched selection of redox materials due to the broader design space. However, this approach is not without technical hurdles such as the identificati...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of the Ionic Conductivity and Species Crossover of Lithiated Nafion 117 in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

Darling

Gallagher

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…GIWAXS [59] and R-SoXS [60] measurements were respectively performed at the beamline 7.3.3, and beamline 11.0.1.2, advanced light source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, following the previously established protocols. GIWAXS data were acquired just above the critical angle (0.13°) of the films with a hard X-ray energy of 10 keV, and silver behenate (AgB) was used for geometry calibration.…”

Section: Morphology Characterizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmentally-friendly solvent processed fullerene-free organic solar cells enabled by screening halogen-free solvent additives

Zhao

et al. 2017

Sci. China Mater.

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Though the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) have been boosted to 12%, the use of highly pollutive halogenated solvents as the processing solvent significantly hinders the mass production of OSCs. It is thus necessary to achieve high-efficiency OSCs by utilizing the halogen-free and environmentally-friendly solvents. Herein, we applied a halogen-free solvent system (oxylene/1-phenylnaphthalene, XY/PN) for fabricating fullerene-free OSCs, and a high PCE of 11.6% with a notable fill factor (FF) of 72% was achieved based on the PBDB-T:IT-M blend, which is among the top efficiencies of halogen-free solvent processed OSCs. In addition, the influence of different halogen-free solvent additives on the blend morphology and device performance metrics was studied by synchrotron-based tools and other complementary methods. Morphological results indicate the highly ordered molecular packing and highest average domain purity obtained in the blend films prepared by using XY/PN co-solvent are favorable for achieving increased FFs and thus higher PCEs in the devices. Moreover, a lower interaction parameter (χ) of the IT-M:PN pair provides a good explanation for the more favorable morphology and performance in devices with PN as the solvent additive, relative to those with diphenyl ether and Nmethylpyrrolidone. Our study demonstrates that carefully screening the non-halogenated solvent additive plays a vital role in realizing the efficient and environmentally-friendly solvent processed OSCs.

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“…47 Inside the glove box, the powder was hand-pressed into a 150 μm thick fiberglass Garolite-10 spacer with a 3.175 mm diameter hole at room temperature to form a dense pellet. The pellet was sealed off in a custom-designed airtight sample holder with Kapton windows and heated overnight at 90…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distance between the sample and detector, and the scattering vector coordinate were determined by calibrating the diffraction images with a silver behenate reference. 47 The pristine α-CuVO 3 material was studied at room temperature and at 90…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Metal-Copper Vanadium Oxide Battery with a Block Copolymer Electrolyte

Devaux

Wang

Thelen

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lithium (Li) batteries comprising multivalent positive active materials such as copper vanadium oxide have high theoretical capacity. These batteries with a conventional liquid electrolyte exhibit limited cycle life because of copper dissolution into the electrolyte. We report here on the characterization of solid-state Li metal batteries with a positive electrode based on α-Cu 6.9 V 6 O 18.9 (α-CuVO 3 ). We replaced the liquid electrolyte by a nanostructured solid block copolymer electrolyte comprising of a mixture of polystyreneb-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt. In situ X-ray diffraction was used to follow the Li insertion/de-insertion mechanism into the α-CuVO 3 host material and its reversibility. In situ X-ray scattering revealed that the multistep electrochemical reactions involved are similar in the presence of liquid or solid electrolyte. The capacity fade of the solid-state batteries is less rapid than that of α-CuVO 3 -Li metal batteries with a conventional liquid electrolyte. Hard X-ray microtomography revealed that upon cycling, voids and Cu-rich agglomerates were formed at the interface between the Li metal and the SEO electrolyte. The void volume and the volume occupied by the Cu-rich agglomerates were independent of C-rate and cycle number. There is considerable interest in copper vanadium oxide (CuVO) positive electrodes for rechargeable lithium (Li) batteries. In principle, this material can exhibit high capacity due to multistep electrochemical reactions with Li + ions. In pioneering work, Yamaki and coworkers reported on reversible Li insertion and removal in CuVO compounds.1-3 They showed that a battery comprising a Li metal negative electrode, β-Cu 2 V 2 O 7 positive electrode, and a conventional liquid electrolyte (a mixture of LiClO 4 in propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane) could be cycled 100 times at 0.5 mA/cm 2 , with an average delivered capacity of 260 mAh/g. The battery failed abruptly due to a short which was attributed to the deposition of Cu metal on the Li electrode. These studies spark considerable interest in CuVO electrodes. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In a more recent study, Morcrette et al. showed reversible insertion of 6 Li into Cu 2.33 V 4 O 11 through a reversible Cu extrusion-insertion process.18 During the discharge step, the Li + ions enter the host material and the copper ions are pushed to the material edges where they are reduced, forming Cu metal dendrites. During the charge step, Cu metal is oxidized, producing copper ions that re-enter the host material. This original study opened a new class of CuVO materials. 19-21However, for practical applications, battery failure due to dissolution of Cu into the liquid electrolyte and subsequent plating on the Li electrode needs to be addressed.The potential to use poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as an electrolyte in Li batteries was demonstrated by Fenton et al. 22 and Armand et al. 23,24 While most of the studies on PEO-based electrolytes emplo...

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A SAXS/WAXS/GISAXS Beamline with Multilayer Monochromator

Cited by 528 publications

References 23 publications

An Investigation of the Ionic Conductivity and Species Crossover of Lithiated Nafion 117 in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

An Investigation of the Ionic Conductivity and Species Crossover of Lithiated Nafion 117 in Nonaqueous Electrolytes

Environmentally-friendly solvent processed fullerene-free organic solar cells enabled by screening halogen-free solvent additives

Lithium Metal-Copper Vanadium Oxide Battery with a Block Copolymer Electrolyte

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