A scalable 20 &amp;#x00D7;20 fully asynchronous SPAD-based imaging sensor with AER readout

Berkovich, Andrew; Datta-Chaudhuri, Timir; Abshire, Pamela

doi:10.1109/iscas.2015.7168832

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The main limitation of this array is that coincidences cannot be managed, thus it cannot be used for quantum imaging applications. Another approach to optimize the amount of transferred data is presented in the AER detector, [ 66 ] where the AER arbitration is exploited to output only the addresses of pixels exceeding a given counting threshold. Coincidences are managed by the AER arbitration, but precise timing information is lost.…”

Section: Discussion On Spad Performance For Quantum Imaging and Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to mitigate this issue, in the direct output SPAD array [ 65 ] the pixels of each column share the same output, and the address of the row is sent out, together with the output pulse. Similarly, the AER detector [ 66 ] outputs only the addresses of the fired pixels, but misses the temporal information and consequently the possibility to detect coincidences even in postprocessing. An ideal detector for quantum imaging should detect coincidences on‐chip, for instance with a mixed analog and digital approach, and output only the addresses of the pixels involved in the coincidence event, for instance with an architecture inspired by the AER detector.…”

Section: Discussion On Spad Performance For Quantum Imaging and Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon a photon detection, for the 600 ns column dead-time, the column is not able to detect other photons; for this reason, this array is not suitable for photon coincidences detection (at least if the coincidence may happen in the same column). [66] The AER (address-event representation) detector is a scalable 20 × 20 event-based imaging array. Each pixel consists of a large area (1200 µm 2 ) SPAD with 10 cps DCR, active quenching circuitry, compact 9-bit counter (based on an analog integrator), a comparator for event detection and AER circuitry.…”

Section: Direct Output Spad Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of Spad Based Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays for Quantum Imaging and Microscopy

et al. 2021

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Quantum imaging and microscopy profit from quantum correlations and entanglement to image objects and samples with resolution and sensitivity that goes far beyond what can be achieved through classical optics. In order to carry out these techniques, suitable detectors with specific features must be employed. This paper aims to highlight the importance of sensors based on single photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) in quantum imaging and microscopy applications, paving the way for the next-generation ideal quantum imager. After reviewing the main techniques (based on quantum physics principles) for improving the resolution and sensitivity of a sample image, the pros and cons of different sensors, such as avalanche photodiodes (APDs), and the intensified and electron-multiplying charge coupled devices (ICCDs and EMCCDs), are identified. Then the analysis mainly focuses on SPAD-based detectors, identified as the best candidates for quantum imaging, critically discussing the requirements and performance, also in relation to already existing SPAD-based architectures with specific features fitting the application. Eventually, next-generation quantum imagers should integrate together all the best architectural choices herewith presented, so as to detect photon coincidences and to perform efficient event-driven readout, also by exploiting a suitable technology and SPAD design to optimize the discussed detection performance.

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Section: Discussion On Spad Performance For Quantum Imaging and Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion On Spad Performance For Quantum Imaging and Micro...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Direct Output Spad Arraymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of Spad Based Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays for Quantum Imaging and Microscopy

et al. 2021

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“…While the conversion of high data-rate DTOF SPAD data into local event-based features is entirely novel, previous works have demonstrated the utility of taking bio-inspired approach to SPAD processing. In [4], Berkovich et al present a scalable 20×20 SPAD imaging array using asynchronous Address Event Representation (AER) readout. In [5] the same approach is proposed for use in Positron Emission Tomography applications.…”

Section: B Event-based Processing and Spadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Event-Based Processing of Single Photon Avalanche Diode Sensors

Afshar

Hamilton

Davis³

et al. 2020

IEEE Sensors J.

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Single Photon Avalanche Diode sensor arrays operating in direct time of flight mode can perform 3D imaging using pulsed lasers. Operating at high frame rates, SPAD imagers typically generate large volumes of noisy and largely redundant spatio-temporal data. This results in communication bottlenecks and unnecessary data processing. In this work, we propose a set of neuromorphic processing solutions to this problem. By processing the SPAD generated spatio-temporal patterns locally and in an event-based manner, the proposed methods reduce the size of output data transmitted from the sensor by orders of magnitude while increasing the utility of the output data in the context of challenging recognition tasks. To demonstrate these results, the first large scale complex SPAD imaging dataset is presented involving high-speed view-invariant recognition of airplanes with background clutter. The framebased SPAD imaging dataset is converted via several alternative methods into event-based data streams and processed using a range of feature extractor networks and pooling methods. The results of the event-based processing methods are compared to processing the original frame-based dataset via frame-based but otherwise identical architectures. The results show the eventbased methods are superior to the frame-based approach both in terms of classification accuracy and output data-rate.

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Neuromorphic Computing for Compact LiDAR Systems

Delic

Afshar

2023

More-Than-Moore Devices and Integration for Semiconductors

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A scalable 20 ×20 fully asynchronous SPAD-based imaging sensor with AER readout

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays for Quantum Imaging and Microscopy

Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays for Quantum Imaging and Microscopy

Event-Based Processing of Single Photon Avalanche Diode Sensors

Neuromorphic Computing for Compact LiDAR Systems

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