A scale to measure locus of control of behaviour

Craig, Ashley; Franklin, Julie; Andrews, Gavin

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1984.tb01597.x

Cited by 394 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…15 It may be that an internal locus of control can both impede and enhance psychological well-being following SCI. 45,46 In addition, individual personality traits such as achievement, aggression, sociability and stress reaction (as measured by the MPQ and ZPQ in this meta-analysis) were weakly associated with employment. However, this latter finding may also be explained by the fact that personality traits are conceptually defined as stable characteristics, hence less likely to be affected by employment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological variables associated with employment following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis

Kent

Dorstyn

2014

Spinal Cord

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Objectives: Spinal cord injury (SCI) research has highlighted links between psychological variables and employment outcome; however, there remains a need to consolidate the available heterogenous data. Methods: Meta-analytic techniques were used to examine and quantify differences in psychological functioning and employment status among adults with an acquired SCI. Fourteen observational studies (N ¼ 9, 868 participants) were identified from an electronic database search. Standardised mean difference scores between employed and unemployed groups were calculated using Cohen's d effect sizes. Additionally, 95% confidence intervals, fail-safe Ns, percentage overlap scores and heterogeneity statistics were used to determine the significance of d. Results: Moderate to large and positive weighted effects were noted across three broad psychological constructs: affective experience or feelings (d w ¼ 3.16), quality of life (d w ¼ 1.06) and life satisfaction (d w ¼ 0.70). However, the most compelling non-heterogeneous finding was associated with life satisfaction, a finding that was also not subject to publication bias. Inconsistent and weak associations between employment and individual measures of vocational attitude, self-efficacy, locus of control, adjustment and personality were also noted. Conclusion: Psychological factors and attributes are linked to employment post-SCI; however, the available data are limited in quantity. Longitudinal research is also needed to determine whether these variables can help to preserve employment over time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological variables associated with employment following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis

Kent

Dorstyn

2014

Spinal Cord

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“…The LCB has acceptable internal reliability (a ¼ 0.79) and construct validity. 11 Higher ratings on each of the aforementioned scales indicate stronger endorsement of the measured construct.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…associated with the CD-RISC 10, MSES and LCB reflect the small number of outliers detected for these scales, with 10 individuals (17%) reporting less resilient behaviour (that is, CD-RISC 10 score o20), 15 low selfefficacy (MSES score o60), 10 and/or high externality (LCB score440). 11 In relation to psychological distress (Table 2), most reported subclinical levels of depression (n ¼ 36, 60%; score o10), anxiety (n ¼ 53, 88%; score o8) and stress (n ¼ 49, 82%; score o15), based on the DASS-21 definitions of symptom severity. A small minority (n ¼ 7; 12%) could be defined as clinical 'cases' having reported severe to extremely severe levels of depression (score X21), anxiety (score X15) or stress (score X26).…”

Section: Sample Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 Other studies have found that self-efficacy on its own contributes to a relatively small proportion of the variance in perceived quality of life scores post-SCI. 10 Similarly, there is evidence that internal locus of control is associated with reduced levels of depression and anxiety, 11 yet it is also argued that individuals with an unrealistic level of self-blame display high levels of psychological distress. 12 In relation to SCI variables, there is suggestion that motor complete injury is significantly associated with higher rates of depression and lower levels of resilience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining factors that contribute to the process of resilience following spinal cord injury

2013

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Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Objective: To examine factors that contribute to the process of positive adjustment, or resilience, in an adult community sample with spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: South Australian Spinal Cord Injury Service, Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre, South Australia, Australia Methods: A postal survey comprising standardised measures of resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 item), self-efficacy (Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale), locus of control (Locus of Control of Behaviour Scale) and psychological distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 item). Results: Of 60 respondents, 58% reported moderate to high levels of resilience. Resilience correlated significantly with high selfefficacy (r ¼ 0.68, Po0.01), internal locus of control (r ¼ À0.52, Po0.01) and low psychological distress (depression r ¼ À0.68, Po0.01; anxiety r ¼ À0.55, Po0.01; stress r ¼ À0.67, Po0.01). In comparison, resilience was not significantly influenced by degree of neuropathic pain (r ¼ À0.23, P40.05), time since injury (r ¼ À0.14, P40.05), gender (t (58) ¼ À0.92, P40.05), lesion completeness (t (57) ¼ À0.86, P40.05), or SCI diagnosis (t (58) ¼ À1.21, P40.05). A multiple regression indicated that psychological distress and self-efficacy were the only two variables that uniquely contributed to resilient behaviour. Conclusion: Resilience is an important psychological process in the longer-term management of SCI which can be promoted by targeting rehabilitation interventions towards mood management in addition to self efficacy beliefs. Larger-scale research will help to validate these results.

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“…A study of LOC in an spinal cord injury (SCI) sample indicated that persons with recent injuries manifested a more external LOC than an age, gender and education matched able-bodied control group. 2 The researchers reported that 39% of the SCI sample had an external score on the LOC of behavior scale, 3 as compared with 10% of the control group. A follow-up study of a number of the original participants showed by contrast to the 12-month data that there was only a trend for the SCI group to be more externally focused on LOC of behavior scores at 24 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health locus of control and attributions of cause and blame in adjustment to spinal cord injury

et al. 2010

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Study design: The Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R) was used to assign participants to either a good adjustment group or a poor adjustment group. Group differences were analyzed with w 2 , t-tests and correlations on factors shown in previous research to be related to coping with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objectives: This study examines health locus of control (HLC) and attributions of cause and blame in relation to SCI. The replication of study findings in multiple settings is a cornerstone of the evidence base for developing interventions. Previous studies do not show a consensus on the role of attributions of cause and blame in persons with SCI. Similarly, their relationship to adjustment after SCI is unclear. Another attribution, HLC, is similarly analyzed in relation to adjustment. Setting: Republic of Ireland. Methods: Thirty people with SCI participated. They rated scales measuring psychological adjustment, locus of control (LOC) for health and attributions of cause and blame for the injury. Results: The well-adjusted group had a less external HLC. In addition, participants who were well adjusted endorsed the notion they could have avoided their accident significantly more than the poorly adjusted group. Similarly, they rated the belief that they could have caused the accident at a somewhat greater level. They did not, however, blame themselves any more or any less. Conclusion: Results are consistent with general LOC theory, and suggest an adaptive or protective internal LOC for accepting responsibility for the injury.

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A scale to measure locus of control of behaviour

Cited by 394 publications

References 13 publications

Psychological variables associated with employment following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis

Psychological variables associated with employment following spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis

Examining factors that contribute to the process of resilience following spinal cord injury

Health locus of control and attributions of cause and blame in adjustment to spinal cord injury

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