A scanning probe-based pick-and-place procedure for assembly of integrated quantum optical hybrid devices

Schell, Andreas W.; Kewes, Günter; Schröder, Tim; Wolters, Janik; Aichele, Thomas; Benson, Oliver

doi:10.1063/1.3615629

Cited by 94 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(38 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This scheme could be potentially applied for magnetic resonance force microscopy [13] and other signals such as transitions in nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers [49,50]. The system can be readily functionalised, for example via the use of nanomanipulators [51] or using a scanning atomic force microscope [52,53]. Finally, the integrated system is a promising candidate for experiments in optomechanics [36] due to its high QM, potential of cryogenic implementation and applicability to feedback cooling methods that do not require the resolved sideband regime for ground state cooling [44].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nanomechanical oscillators have been employed as transducers to measure force, mass and charge with high sensitivity. They are also used in opto-or electromechanical experiments with the goal of quantum control and phenomena of mechanical systems. Here, we report the realization and operation of a hybrid monolithically integrated transducer system consisting of a high-Q nanomechanical oscillator with modes in the MHz regime coupled to the near-field of a high-Q optical whispering-gallery-mode microresonator. The transducer system enables a sensitive resolution of the nanomechanical beam's thermal motion with a signal-to-noise of five orders of magnitude and has a force sensitivity of 74 aN Hz −1/2 at room temperature. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that the sensitivity of continuous incoherent force detection improves only with the fourth root of the averaging time. Using dissipative feedback based on radiation pressure enabled control, we explicitly demonstrate by detecting a weak incoherent force that this constraint can be significantly relaxed. We achieve a more than 30-fold reduction in averaging time with our hybrid transducer and are able to detect an incoherent force having a force spectral density as small as 15 aN Hz −1/2 within 35 s of averaging. This corresponds to a signal which is 25 times smaller than the thermal noise and would otherwise remain out of reach. The reported monolithic platform is an enabling step towards hybrid nanomechanical transducers relying on the light-mechanics interface. Nanomechanical oscillators [1] serve as ultrasensitive detectors of force [2], mass [3] and charge [4]. Recently, increasing efforts have been devoted to sensitively detect the nanomechanical motion of these oscillators [5][6][7][8] with recent systems exhibiting a sensitivity below that at the standard quantum limit (SQL) [9,10]. For sensitive force detection the requirements on displacement sensitivity are less stringent, though, because of the thermal limit. Recent work has demonstrated that trapped ions have also the potential to be employed as sensitive transducers for ultrasmall forces [11,12], with the force sensitivity reaching levels of only 5 yN Hz −1/2 [12]. While being a promising approach to detect specific small forces, it presently suffers from challenging technology required for ion trap experiments, stable interaction times being only in the millisecond range [11] and a lack of field-deployable sensors. In contrast, cantilever-based sensing is a well-established technique that allowed remarkable achievements such as the detection of single spins [13] and the reconstruction of the structure of a virus [14], and it is increasingly used in the emerging field of biosensing [15]. A particularly promising approach is to parametrically couple a nanomechanical oscillator to a microwave [9,16] or optical [17] microcavity, thus enhancing the displacement sensitivity and allowing to efficiently resolve the motion of cantilevers with dimensions below the diffraction limit. Previous real...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…On-demand highly accurate picking and placing of single diamond nano-crystals is achieved using a recently introduced nano-manipulation technique 28 , based on a confocal fluorescence microscope combined with a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) (see Fig. 1, b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tapered fiber coupling of single photons emitted by a deterministically positioned single nitrogen vacancy center

Liebermeister¹,

Petersen²,

Münchow³

et al. 2014

Appl. Phys. Lett.

Self Cite

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A diamond nano-crystal hosting a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is optically selected with a confocal scanning microscope and positioned deterministically onto the subwavelength-diameter waist of a tapered optical fiber (TOF) with the help of an atomic force microscope. Based on this nano-manipulation technique we experimentally demonstrate the evanescent coupling of single fluorescence photons emitted by a single NV-center to the guided mode of the TOF. By comparing photon count rates of the fiber-guided and the free-space modes and with the help of numerical FDTD simulations we determine a lower and upper bound for the coupling efficiency of (9.5 ± 0.6)% and (10.4 ± 0.7)%, respectively. Our results are a promising starting point for future integration of single photon sources into photonic quantum networks and applications in quantum information science.PACS numbers: 03.67. 42.50.Ex, 78.67.Bf Efficient collection of single photons radiated by a single solid state quantum emitter -like the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond 1 -is an important prerequisite for future applications in applied physical and quantum information science, like ultra-sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy and linear optical quantum computation 2-4 . A standard technique for fluorescence collection is confocal microscopy. However, when applied to defect centers in bulk diamond, total internal reflection limits the collection efficiency to few percent. Recently, the collection efficiency of NV-fluorescence has been increased by one order of magnitude by combining confocal microscopy with solid immersion lenses (SILs) 5-7 , respectively photonic nanowires 8 . In the latter system the improvement is based on efficient coupling of NV-fluorescence photons to the strongly confined mode (HE 11 ) 9-11 of diamond nanowires. For defect centers in diamond nano-crystals, tapered optical fibers (TOFs) 12 with a subwavelength diameter waist are a particularly attractive alternative platform. Due to the strong evanescent field at the surface, such TOFs promise coupling efficiencies up to 36%13,14 and approaching unity when combined with Bragg-grating cavities 15,16 . Until now, evanescent coupling of fluorescence photons to a single guided mode of a TOF has been achieved for a) email: lars.liebermeister@physik.uni-muenchen.de b) email: markusweber@lmu.de various solid state quantum emitters 17-20 , molecules 21 , and laser-cooled atomic vapors 22 . To bring these emitters into the strong evanescent optical field at the surface of the nano-fiber several non-deterministic deposition techniques like dip-coating 17,18 , picoliter-dispensers 19,20 , and optical surface traps 23 have been applied. However, for real applications in quantum information science, e. g., the photonic quantum-bus mediated coupling of NVcenters in a lattice 24 , deterministic positioning of single solid state quantum emitters onto the submicron waist of a TOF with nm position control is desirable. In this letter we demonstrate significant steps towards deterministic coup...

show abstract

“…As it is not possible to place the diamond directly in the cavity, it is preliminarily placed on the GaP surface, close to the photonic crystal cavities [16]. In a final step, the diamond is picked up again and this time placed exactly in the center of the cavity, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Preparation Of Single Nv Centers In Diamond Nanocrystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, pre-selected diamond nanocrystals containing single defect centers can be coupled to photonic nanostructures to build hybrid quantum systems in a bottom-up approach. With modern nanopositioning techniques in scanning electron microscopy [12,13] or atomic force microscopy (AFM) [14][15][16], these diamond nanocrystals can be positioned with a precision of few nanometers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of single nitrogen‐vacancy defect centers in diamond nanocrystals to optical antennas and photonic crystal cavities

Wolters

Kewes

Schell

et al. 2012

Physica Status Solidi (b)

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We demonstrate the ability to modify the emission properties and enhance the interaction strength of single-photon emitters coupled to nanophotonic structures based on metals and dielectrics. Assembly of individual diamond nanocrystals, metal nanoparticles, and photonic crystal cavities to metastructures is introduced. Experiments concerning controlled coupling of single defect centers in nanodiamonds to optical nanoantennas made of gold bowtie structures are reviewed. By placing one and the same emitter at various locations with high precision, a map of decay rate enhancements was obtained. Furthermore, we demonstrate the formation of a hybrid cavity quantum electrodynamics system in which a single defect center is coupled to a single mode of a gallium phosphite photonic crystal cavity.

show abstract

A scanning probe-based pick-and-place procedure for assembly of integrated quantum optical hybrid devices

Cited by 94 publications

References 25 publications

A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

A hybrid on-chip optomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive force measurements

Tapered fiber coupling of single photons emitted by a deterministically positioned single nitrogen vacancy center

Coupling of single nitrogen‐vacancy defect centers in diamond nanocrystals to optical antennas and photonic crystal cavities

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About