A Schistosome Larva From the Marine Snail Pyrazus Australis as a Cause of Cercarial Dermatitis in Man

Phylogenetic Placement of a Schistosome from an Unusual Marine Snail Host, the False Limpet (Siphonaria lessoni) and Gulls (Larus dominicanus) from Argentina with a Brief Review of Marine Schistosomes from Snails

“…(Table I), most of which have been implicated in marine human cercarial dermatitis (HCD) outbreaks (Penner, 1950(Penner, , 1953a(Penner, , 1953bChu, 1952;Hutton, 1952;Stunkard and Hinchliffe, 1952;Leigh, 1953Leigh, , 1955Bearup, 1955;Ito, 1956;Grodhaus and Keh, 1958;Ewers, 1961;Short and Holliman, 1961;Martin, 1972;Chauhan et al, 1973;Rohde, 1977;Canestri-Trotti et al, 2001;Appleton, 2003;Abdul-Salam and Sreelatha, 2004;Walker, 2005;Alda and Martorelli, 2009;Brant et al, 2010). Thus far, it appears this group of marine schistosomes may be more likely found in the southern hemisphere.…”

On the Relationships betweenAustrobilharzia variglandis(Miller and Northup, 1926) Penner, 1953,A. terrigalensisJohnston, 1917 andCercaria variglandisMiller and Northup, 1926

“…Chu and Cutress (1954) in their work on A. variglandis furnish data showing that experimentally reared females approach the males in body size ; their account, however, only includes measurements of males (but not of females) obtained from naturally infected birds. In A. terrigalensis the male is smaller than the female (Johnston, 1917 ;Bearup, 1956). As regards the suckers, in the males of A. variglandis the oral sucker is smaller than the ventral one, while in the females they are almost equal in size (Stunkard and Hinchliffe, 1952).…”

“…Moreover, in Penner's specimens of A. variglandis examined by the writer, the relative size of the suckers in males and females is the same. On the other hand, in the males of A. terrigalensis both suckers are equal in size (Johnston, 1917 ;Bearup, 1956), while in the females the oral sucker is smaller than the ventral sucker (Bearup, 1956). Thus the relative size of suckers in male and female specimens of A. variglandis is diametrically opposite to that of A. terrigalensis and it constitutes an important distinctive feature.…”

“…Another discrepancy, which is hard to understand, occurs in the character of the intestinal caeca. In males of A. terrigalensis the intestinal caeca have been described as having diverticula (Johnston, 1917;Bearup, 1956) but in males of A. variglandis they are absent (Stunkard and Hinchliffe, 1952). In Penner's material of A. variglandis, examined by the writer, the male has small caecal diverticula, but not the female.…”

“…Moreover they found the turnstone (Arenaria interpres interpres) in Hawaii naturally infected with this fluke. Bearup (1955) found a brevifurcate furcocercous cercaria infecting Pyrazus australis Quoy and Gaimard, now called Vdacumantus australis (Q. and G.), which is very common in Narrabeen Lagoon, New South Wales, Australia. Originally, he regarded this cercaria as a new subspecies of Cercaria variglandis Miller andNorthup, 1926, viz.…”