A scientific note on an anomalous diploid individual of Euglossa melanotricha (Apidae, Euglossini) with both female and male phenotypes

New Cases of Gynandromorphism in Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

“…The high concentration of the gynandromorphic cases in the bees with Holartic distribution seem to be more related to the lack of information in other regions than with a genetic problem with these lineages (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Suzuki et al, 2015). The same apparently to be happening with the great number of gynandromorphs occurring in some genera, as Megachile and Andrena.…”

“…In despite of this, the number of gynandromorphs for bees is still around 180 specimens (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Fateryga et al, 2011;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia et al, 2012;Silveira et al, 2012;Camargo & Gonçalves, 2013;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Lucia et al, 2015;Suzuki et al, 2015;Vivallo, 2015;Coelho et al, 2016;Ugajin et al, 2016), an underestimated number comparing to total number of described bee species nowadays, something around 20.000 (Danforth et al, 2013). As the majority of the records, gynanders of X. darwini and X. varipuncta were found in the museums collections, in dry preservation, and the descriptions were based only in external morphology (Bonnet, 1952;Carcasson, 1965;Lucia et al, 2009;Lucia et al, 2012;Camargo & Gonçalves, 2013;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Lucia et al, 2015;Vivallo, 2015;Coelho et al, 2016).…”

“…The same apparently to be happening with the great number of gynandromorphs occurring in some genera, as Megachile and Andrena. Probably, the cause is more related to a sampling artifact (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Suzuki et al, 2015). Despite these misunderstandings and the fact the gynandromorphism is currently recorded in almost all bee families (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012), further studies about gynandromorphy are needed.…”

“…To date, gynandromorphism has been reported for approximately 140 species of bees in 35 genera (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Fateryga et al, 2011;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia et al, 2012;Silveira et al, 2012;Camargo & Gonçalves, 2013;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Lucia et al, 2015;Suzuki et al, 2015;Vivallo, 2015;Coelho et al, 2016). These are representatives of six families but especially Megachilidae (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Coelho et al, 2016).…”

Two new records of Gynandromorphs in Xylocopa (Hymenoptera, Apidae s.l.)

“…Gynander individuals in bees (Apidae s.l.) is known for approximately 138 species belonging to 35 genera in almost all subfamilies (Andreninae, Apinae, Halictinae, Colletinae, Megachilinae, Melittinae) (Sandhouse, 1923;Hicks, 1926;Urban, 1999;Gonzalez, 2004;Wcislo et al, 2004;Oliveira & Andrade, 2006;Michez et al, 2009;Lucia et al, 2009;Sampson et al, 2010;Giangarelli & Sofia, 2011;Fateryga et al, 2011;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia et al, 2012;Silveira et al, 2012;Camargo & Gonçalves, 2013;Lucia & Gonzalez, 2013;Alvarez et al, 2014;Lucia et al, 2015;Spring et al, 2015;Suzuki et al, 2015;Vivallo, 2015;Coelho et al, 2016;Zama & Coelho, 2017). Most described of these gynandromorphs are recorded from the long-tongued bees in the genera Megachile and Xylocopa (Wcislo et al, 2004;Michez et al, 2009;Hinojosa-Díaz et al, 2012;Lucia et al, 2012).…”