A scoping review of neonatal calf diarrhea case definitions

Wilson, Devon J.; Habing, Gregory; Winder, Charlotte B.; Renaud, D.L.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105818

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Diarrhoea stands out as a major health concern in neonatal calves, with implications for economic losses (2,3). Rapid identification of the etiology of calf diarrhoea is crucial during this period to mitigate both direct and indirect economic losses through effective treatment strategies (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neonatal calf diarrhoea is a gastrointestinal disease that can be fatal due to acidosis and hypovolemia in neonatal calves. It stands out as one of the most critical issues, leading to economic and production losses (1)(2)(3). Neonatal calf diarrhoea mortality, contributing significantly to high mortality rates, is reported to be 14% in calves younger than 3 weeks and 23% in calves older than 3 weeks in the United Nations (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Neonatal Calves with Acute Diarrhea: A Study in Şanlıurfa Province, Southeastern Anatolia, Türkiye

Balıkçı,

Gülersoy,

Şahan

et al. 2024

Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Diarrhea is one of the most important health problems in neonatal calves. Salmonellosis, one of the causes of diarrhea in neonatal calves, continues to be one of the major health problems worldwide. Prevalence data on enteropathogens can provide basic information for control and prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in neonatal calves with acute diarrhoea in Şanlıurfa province located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. The animal material of the study consisted of 100 neonatal calves with acute diarrhoea aged 1-28 days. The presence of Salmonella spp. was determined by PCR method from rectal fecal samples taken from the calves included in the study. As a result of the study, 5% prevalence of Salmonella spp. was determined. This study showed that there is a potential risk of zoonotic Salmonella spp. infection in neonatal calves with acute diarrhoea in the region and an original contribution was made to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Türkiye. It was emphasized that treatment for the causative agent and necessary protective measures should be taken in the region. In addition, further studies with multifocal serotyping in human and animal populations living in this region and other regions of Türkiye are needed in terms of the epidemiology of zoonotic Salmonella spp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Neonatal Calves with Acute Diarrhea: A Study in Şanlıurfa Province, Southeastern Anatolia, Türkiye

Balıkçı,

Gülersoy,

Şahan

et al. 2024

Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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“…Calf diarrhea is a common and frequent disease in cattle rearing and can be divided into two main categories based on the causes: infectious diseases, such as viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, and non-infectious diseases, related to, for instance, environmental discomfort, nutrition, or management ( 20 , 21 ). Among these causes, diarrhea caused by viruses is the most dangerous and difficult to prevent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and application of multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assay for bovine enterovirus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine rotavirus

Chen,

Li,

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Bovine enterovirus (BEV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and bovine rotavirus (BRV) are still the major worldwide concerns in the health care of cattle, causing serious economic losses in the livestock industry. It is urgent to establish specific and sensitive methods to detect viruses for the early control of diseases. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has been proposed to effectively detect viral particles, and it does not involve Ct values or standard curves. In this study, we designed specific primers and probes, based on conserved regions of viral genomes, to optimize protocols for a dual ddPCR assay for detecting BCoV and BRV and a multiplex ddPCR assay for BEV, BCoV, and BRV. Sensitivity assays revealed that the lower limit of detection for qPCR was 1,000 copies/μL and for ddPCR for BEV, BCoV, and BRV, 2.7 copies/μL, 1 copy/μL and 2.4 copies/μL, respectively. Studying 82 samples collected from diarrheal calves on a farm, our dual ddPCR method detected BCoV, BRV, and co-infection at rates of 18.29%, 14.63%, and 6.1%, respectively. In contrast, conventional qPCR methods detected BCoV, BRV, and co-infection at rates of 10.98%, 12.2%, and 3.66%, respectively. On the other hand, studying 68 samples from another farm, qPCR detected BCoV, BRV, BEV, and co-infection of BCoV and BEV at rates of 14.49%, 1.45%, 5.80%, and 1.45%, respectively. Our multiplex ddPCR method detected BCoV, BRV, BEV, co-infection of BCoV and BEV, and co-infection of BRV and BEV. at rates of 14.49%, 2.9%, 8.7%, 2.9%, and 1.45%, respectively. Studying 93 samples from another farm, qPCR detected BCoV, BRV, BEV, and co-infection of BCoV and BEV was detected at rates of 5.38%, 1.08%, 18.28%, and 1.08%, respectively. Co-infection of BCoV, BRV, BEV, BCoV, and BEV, and co-infection of BRV and BEV, were detected by multiplex ddPCR methods at rates of 5.38%, 2.15%, 20.45%, 1.08%, and 1.08%, respectively. These results indicated that our optimized dual and multiplex ddPCR methods were more effective than conventional qPCR assays to detect these viral infections.

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“…Numerous other factors such as age, nutritional and environmental variations, disease qualifiers such a pyrexia or inappetence, and treatment modalities ranging from oral electrolytes to antimicrobials inevitably play a role in determining the microbial response to GI disease. A recent scoping review of neonatal case definitions highlights the lack of clear case definitions for reporting neonatal calf diarrhea within the literature (Wilson et al, 2023). For example, after screening articles for inclusion within the review there were 54 studies that reported diarrhea outcomes based on treatment records, but only 29 of those used treatment records as part of the definition.…”

Section: Case Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the preweaned Holstein calf fecal microbiota prior to, during, and following resolution of uncomplicated gastrointestinal disease

Claus-Walker,

Slanzon,

Elder

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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Little is known about shifts in the fecal microbiome of dairy calves preceding and following the incidence of gastrointestinal disease. The objective of this cohort study was to describe the fecal microbiome of preweaned dairy calves before, during, and after gastrointestinal disease. A total of 111 Holstein dairy calves were enrolled on 2 dairies (D1 and D2) and followed until 5 weeks old. Health assessments were performed weekly and fecal samples were collected every other week. Of the 111 calves, 12 calves from D1 and 12 calves from D2 were retrospectively defined as healthy, and 7 calves from D1 and 11 calves from D2 were defined as diarrheic. Samples from these calves were sequenced targeting the 16S rRNA gene and compared based on health status within age groups and farms: healthy (0–1 week old) vs. pre-diarrheic (0–1 week old), healthy (2–3 weeks old) vs. diarrheic (2–3 weeks old), and healthy (4–5 weeks old) vs. post-diarrheic (4–5 weeks old) calves. Healthy and diarrheic samples clustered together based on age rather than health status on both farms. Based on linear discriminant analysis, a few species were identified to be differently enriched when comparing health status within age groups and farm. Among them, Bifidobacterium sp. was differently enriched in pre-diarrheic calves at D1 (0–1 week old) whereas healthy calves of the same age group and farm showed a higher abundance of Escherichia coli. Bifidobacterium sp. was identified as a biomarker of fecal samples from healthy calves (2–3 weeks old) on D1 when compared with diarrheic calves of the same age group and farm. Feces from diarrheic calves on D2 (2–3 weeks old) were characterized by taxa from Peptostreptococcus and Anaerovibrio genera whereas fecal samples of age-matched healthy calves were characterized by Collinsella aerofaciens and Bifidobacterium longum. After resolution of uncomplicated diarrhea (4–5 weeks old), Collinsella aerofaciens was more abundant in D2 calves whereas Bacteriodes uniformis was more abundant in D1 calves. Taken together, these findings suggest that the age of the preweaned calf is the major driver of changes to fecal microbiome composition and diversity even in the face of uncomplicated gastrointestinal disease.

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A scoping review of neonatal calf diarrhea case definitions

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Neonatal Calves with Acute Diarrhea: A Study in Şanlıurfa Province, Southeastern Anatolia, Türkiye

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Neonatal Calves with Acute Diarrhea: A Study in Şanlıurfa Province, Southeastern Anatolia, Türkiye

Establishment and application of multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assay for bovine enterovirus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine rotavirus

Characterization of the preweaned Holstein calf fecal microbiota prior to, during, and following resolution of uncomplicated gastrointestinal disease

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