A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control of<i>Cyclospora cayetanensis</i>with an emphasis on produce, water and soil

Totton, Sarah C.; O’Connor, Annette M.; Naganathan, Thivya; Martinez, Brayan Alexander Fonseca; Vriezen, Ellen R.; Torrence, Mary E.; Sargeant, Jan M.

doi:10.1017/s0950268821000200

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In epidemic areas such as the U.S., contact with soil was also a risk factor associated with an outbreak in Florida and the relationship remained significant after multivariate analysis [ 8 ]. However, there is a scarcity of publicly available detection-method studies and on prevalence studies on soil [ 9 ]. To our knowledge, there have only been three previous studies that analyzed and found C. cayetanensis contamination in soil [ 10 , 11 , 12 ], each using different sample sizes, DNA extraction and/or molecular detection methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Evaluation of an Easy Laboratory Method for the Concentration of Oocysts and Commercial DNA Isolation Kits for the Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Silt Loam Soil Samples

2022

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Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness (cyclosporiasis) worldwide. Contact with soil may be an important mode of transmission for C. cayetanensis and could play a role in the contamination of foods. However, there is a scarcity of detection methods and studies for C. cayetanensis in soil. Traditional parasitology concentration methods can be useful for the detection of C. cayetanensis, as found for other protozoa parasites of similar size. The present study evaluated a concentration method using flotation in saturated sucrose solution, subsequent DNA template preparation and qPCR following the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 19b method. The proposed flotation method was compared to three commercial DNA isolation kits (Fast DNATM 50 mL SPIN kit for soil (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA, USA), Quick-DNATM Fecal/Soil Microbe Midiprep kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) and DNeasy® PowerMax® Soil Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany)) for the isolation and detection of DNA from experimentally seeded C. cayetanensis soil samples (5–10 g with 100 oocysts). Control unseeded samples were all negative in all methods. Significantly lower cycle threshold values (CT) were observed in the 100 oocyst C. cayetanensis samples processed via the flotation method than those processed with each of the commercial DNA isolation kits evaluated (p < 0.05), indicating higher recovery of the target DNA with flotation. All samples seeded with 100 oocysts (n = 5) were positive to the presence of the parasite by the flotation method, and no inhibition was observed in any of the processed samples. Linearity of detection of the flotation method was observed in samples seeded with different levels of oocysts, and the method was able to detect as few as 10 oocysts in 10 g of soil samples (limit of detection 1 oocyst/g). This comparative study showed that the concentration of oocysts in soil samples by flotation in high-density sucrose solutions is an easy, low-cost, and sensitive method that could be implemented for the detection of C. cayetanensis in environmental soil samples. The flotation method would be useful to identify environmental sources of C. cayetanensis contamination, persistence of the parasite in the soil and the role of soil in the transmission of C. cayetanensis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Evaluation of an Easy Laboratory Method for the Concentration of Oocysts and Commercial DNA Isolation Kits for the Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Silt Loam Soil Samples

2022

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“…Accordingly, large foodborne cyclosporiasis outbreaks have been described in industrialized countries as well [19,20]. Food safety management systems are important elements in the prevention of cyclosporiasis [21][22][23]. A considerable hygiene-relevance of C. cayetanensis has been impressively demonstrated by outbreaks in travelers [24], on cruise ships [25], and by the demonstration of C. cayetanensis in tap water on trains even in an industrialized country [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Differences in Cyclospora cayetanensis Prevalence in Colombian Indigenous People

et al. 2021

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Fecal-orally transmitted cyclosporiasis is frequent in remote resource-limited settings in Central and South America with poor hygiene conditions. In this study, we aimed at assessing seasonal effects on the epidemiology of colonization or infection with C. cayetanensis in Colombian indigenous people living under very restricted conditions. In the rainy season between July and November and in the dry season between January and April, stool samples from indigenous people with and without gastrointestinal symptoms were collected and screened for C. cayetanensis applying in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the rainy season and in the dry season, positive PCR results were observed for 11.8% (16/136) and 5.1% (15/292), respectively, with cycle threshold (Ct) values of 30.6 (±3.4) and 34.4 (±1.6), respectively. Despite higher parasite loads in the rainy season, fewer individuals (2/16, 12.5%) reported gastrointestinal symptoms compared to the dry season (6/15, 40%). In conclusion, considerable prevalence of C. cayetanensis in Colombian indigenous people persists in the dry season. Low proportions of gastrointestinal symptoms along with higher parasite loads make colonization likely rather than infection.

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“…The literature search was originally conducted in February 2020 as part of a scoping review of C. cayetanensis and used the following search string: Cyclospora OR cyclosporiasis OR cayetanensis (Totton et al, 2021). An update of this search was conducted on 26 December 2020 in MEDLINE ® (Web of Science ™ ), Agricola (ProQuest) and CABI Global Health, with no publication type or language restrictions.…”

Section: Liter Ature S E Arch and Eli G Ib Ilit Y Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mussels and clams tend to be sessile (Ashbaugh et al, 2012), their potential to transport oocysts over large distances is likely limited. Additionally, shellfish have never been implicated in published reports as the cause of any human outbreak, nor has eating shellfish been found to be associated with non-outbreak-associated human C. cayetanensis infection (Totton et al, 2021). Shellfish are, therefore, unlikely to be significant in the epidemiology of cyclosporiasis.…”

Section: Natural Exposure Invertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animals

Totton

O’Connor

Naganathan

et al. 2021

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Cyclosporiasis is an emerging disease in humans with a worldwide scope (Chacín-Bonilla, 2017). The disease is typified by watery diarrhoea that can last for weeks or even months, with more severe or prolonged symptoms occurring in young children and immunocompromised populations. Cyclosporiasis is caused by the single-celled parasite, Cyclospora cayetanensis. Humans become infected by ingesting water, food or soil contaminated with C. cayetanensis in its infective (sporulated oocyst) stage (Chacín-Bonilla, 2008). When the oocysts reach the host's small intestine, they release sporozoites, which invade the host's epithelial cells. The organism then produces non-infectious (unsporulated) oocysts, which are shed in the host's faeces. Unsporulated oocysts require 7 to 15 days in the environment under specific conditions of temperature (23°C to 32°C) and humidity to sporulate (become infectious). With this environmental stage essential for the completion of its lifecycle, direct human-tohuman transmission of C. cayetanensis cannot occur (CDC, 2020).Although numerous species within the genus Cyclospora have been identified and have been found in different types of animals

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A scoping review of the detection, epidemiology and control ofCyclospora cayetanensiswith an emphasis on produce, water and soil

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Comparative Evaluation of an Easy Laboratory Method for the Concentration of Oocysts and Commercial DNA Isolation Kits for the Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Silt Loam Soil Samples

Comparative Evaluation of an Easy Laboratory Method for the Concentration of Oocysts and Commercial DNA Isolation Kits for the Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Silt Loam Soil Samples

Seasonal Differences in Cyclospora cayetanensis Prevalence in Colombian Indigenous People

A review of Cyclospora cayetanensis in animals

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