A<scp>TOMIC</scp> P<scp>ARITY</scp> N<scp>ONCONSERVATION AND</scp> N<scp>UCLEAR</scp> A<scp>NAPOLE</scp> M<scp>OMENTS</scp>

Haxton, W. C.; Wieman, Carl

doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.51.101701.132458

Cited by 142 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…A global fit to all experimental data on hadronic PV at present yields large error bars and is internally inconsistent [3,4]. Measurements in several nuclei, with both ν = N and ν = P , should be sufficient to determine the hadronic PV parameters responsible for κ ′ a , to moderate accuracy.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…The first is the nuclear anapole moment, a P-odd magnetic moment induced by weak interactions within the nucleus, which couples to the spin of a penetrating electron [2]. Measurements of anapole moments can provide useful data on purely hadronic PV interactions [3,4]. So far, only one nuclear anapole moment has been measured, in 133 Cs [5].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…the "DDH" set [25]. Based on current knowledge, g P ≈ 4 − 6 and g N ≈ −(0.2 − 1) are roughly expected [3,4]; we take g P = 5 and g N = −1 for concreteness. Table I shows a sample of experimentally accessible cases.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Using Molecules to Measure Nuclear Spin-Dependent Parity Violation

et al. 2008

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Nuclear spin-dependent parity violation arises from weak interactions between electrons and nucleons, and from nuclear anapole moments. We outline a method to measure such effects, using a Stark-interference technique to determine the mixing between opposite-parity rotational/hyperfine levels of ground-state molecules. The technique is applicable to nuclei over a wide range of atomic number, in diatomic species that are theoretically tractable for interpretation. This should provide data on anapole moments of many nuclei, and on previously unmeasured neutral weak couplings.PACS numbers: 32.80. Ys, 12.15.Mm, 21.10.Ky Up to now, atomic parity violation (PV) experiments have primarily focused on the PV effect arising from the weak charge of the nucleus Q W [1], a nuclear spinindependent quantity that parameterizes the electroweak neutral coupling between electron axial-and nucleon vector-currents (A e V n ). Here we propose a highly sensitive and widely applicable technique to measure nuclear spin-dependent (NSD) PV effects. Such effects arise primarily from two underlying causes. The first is the nuclear anapole moment, a P-odd magnetic moment induced by weak interactions within the nucleus, which couples to the spin of a penetrating electron [2]. Measurements of anapole moments can provide useful data on purely hadronic PV interactions [3,4]. So far, only one nuclear anapole moment has been measured, in 133 Cs [5]. The second source of NSD-PV is the electroweak neutral coupling between electron vector-and nucleon axialcurrents (V e A n ). This can be parameterized by two constants, C 2u,d , which describe the V e A n couplings to up and down quarks. These are suppressed in the Standard Model (SM), making C 2u,d difficult to measure and at present perhaps the most poorly characterized parameters in the SM [6]. However, because of this suppression, even moderately precise measurements of C 2u,d could be sensitive to new physics at TeV energy scales [7].Our method to measure NSD-PV exploits the properties of diatomic molecules [8,9,10] to amplify the observable signals. Rotational/hyperfine (HF) levels of opposite parity can be mixed by NSD-PV interactions, and are inherently close in energy. Accessible laboratory magnetic fields can Zeeman-shift these levels to degeneracy, dramatically enhancing the state mixing. The matrix element (m.e.) of the NSD-PV interaction can be measured with a Stark-interference technique of demonstrated sensitivity [11]. Use of ground-state molecules leads to enhanced resolution because of their long lifetimes [11,12]. (Two recent papers also proposed measuring NSD-PV in the ground state HF levels of heavy alkali atoms [13].) The technique is applicable to a wide class of molecules and hence to NSD-PV couplings to the variety of nuclei within them. We specifically consider diatomic molecules with a single valence electron in a 2 Σ electronic state. These are the molecular equivalent of alkali atoms, with a simple, regular structure of rotational/HF levels. This makes it possible to re...

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Using Molecules to Measure Nuclear Spin-Dependent Parity Violation

et al. 2008

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“…A rather complex nuclear polarizability arises in the theoretical treatment of anapole moments [37][38][39]. As in the case of the heavy-nucleus results of Eqs.…”

Section: Experimental Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hadronic parity violation

Holstein

2010

Nuclear Physics A

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The history and phenomenology of hadronic parity nonconservation (PNC) is reviewed. We discuss the current status of the experimental tests and theory. We describe a re-analysis of the asymmetry for p+p that, when combined with other experimental constraints and with a recent lattice QCD calculation of the weak pion-nucleon coupling h 1 π , reveals a much more consistent pattern of PNC couplings. In particular, isoscalar coupling strengths are similar to but somewhat larger than the "best value" estimate of Donoghue, Desplanques, and Holstein, while both lattice QCD and experiment indicate a suppressed h 1 π . We discuss the relationship between meson-exchange models of hadronic PNC and formulations based on effective theory, stressing their general compatibility as well as the challenge presented to theory by experiment, as several of the most precise measurements involve significant momentum scales. Future directions are proposed.

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“…The highlight of these efforts was the 0.35% precision measurement of nuclear-spin-independent PNC in Cs, and the 14% precision measurement of the nuclear spin-dependent PNC for the odd-proton nucleus of 133 Cs [4]. However, measurement of the anapole moment in Cs disagrees with Tl [4,5], and also with some theoretical nuclear calculations ( [9][10][11] and references therein). To help resolve these inconsistencies, and to improve the atomic PNC tests of the standard model, further experiments are needed.…”

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Calculation of parity-nonconserving optical rotation in iodine at 1315 nm

et al. 2013

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We examine the feasibility of a parity non-conserving (PNC) optical rotation experiment for the 2 P 3/2 → 2 P 1/2 transition of atomic iodine at 1315 nm. The calculated E1PNC to M 1 amplitude ratio is R = 0.80(16) × 10 −8 . We show that very large PNC rotations (greater than 10 µrad) are obtained for iodine-atom column densities of ∼ 10 22 cm −2 , which can be produced by increasing the effective interaction pathlength by a factor of ∼ 10 4 with a high-finesse optical cavity. The simulated signals indicate that measurement of the nuclear anapole moment is feasible, and that a 1% PNC precision measurement should resolve the inconsistency between previous measurements in Cs and Tl. [5][6][7][8]. The highlight of these efforts was the 0.35% precision measurement of nuclear-spin-independent PNC in Cs, and the 14% precision measurement of the nuclear spin-dependent PNC for the odd-proton nucleus of 133 Cs [4]. However, measurement of the anapole moment in Cs disagrees with Tl [4,5], and also with some theoretical nuclear calculations ([9-11] and references therein). To help resolve these inconsistencies, and to improve the atomic PNC tests of the standard model, further experiments are needed. For example, there is a proposal to measure the nuclear anapole moment using the PNC-generated hyperfine frequency shift of dressed states in atoms [12], with particular proposals for Cs [13] and Fr [14]. However, for other PNC candidates, as the precision in the atomic theory is not expected to significantly surpass the current experimental or theoretical PNC precision of Cs, future PNC experiments have focused on other fruitful directions, such as the measurement of atomic PNC on a chain of isotopes [9,15], or the measurement of nuclear anapole moments. Therefore, along these lines, PNC experiments are in progress on Yb and Dy at Berkeley [16,17], on Rb and Fr at the Tri-University Meson Facility (TRIUMF, University of British Columbia) [18,19], on Ra + at KVI Groningen [20], and on Ba + at the University of Washington, Seattle [21]. Recently, Bougas et al.

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ATOMIC PARITY NONCONSERVATION AND NUCLEAR ANAPOLE MOMENTS

Cited by 142 publications

References 39 publications

Using Molecules to Measure Nuclear Spin-Dependent Parity Violation

Using Molecules to Measure Nuclear Spin-Dependent Parity Violation

Hadronic parity violation

Calculation of parity-nonconserving optical rotation in iodine at 1315 nm

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