A VARX modelling of energy intensity interactions between China, the United States, Japan and EU

Abstract

This study attempts to predict energy intensity interactions between China, the United States, Japan and EU by developing a restricted VARX model by proposing energy intensities of the countries interact with each others, and gross domestic product (GDP) levels per capita and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) oil‐based current energy prices affect energy intensities of the countries based upon the direction of group causalities. There exist significant causal interactions between energy intensities of the countries up to lag five either increasing efficiency or not. China's current GDP level affects its own energy use and EU's energy intensity positively, on the other way; EU's current GDP level affects only China's energy intensity while Japan's current GDP level only affects its own energy intensity negatively, ceteris paribus. It is found that OPEC oil‐based current energy prices only affect the United States' energy intensity but not others' energy intensity, ceteris paribus, for the period of 1971–2009. Evaluating cumulative effects of energy intensities of all countries, it is found that each country has experienced higher energy intensity and consumed energy less efficiently even there have been existing new technology‐embodied equipments used and alternative energy sources developed in energy consumption for the years.

An Overview on Energy Efficiency in View of Supply and Demand

“…En önemli nedeninin Çin'in 1996 ve 2000 yılları arasında, toplam birincil enerji tüketiminin %8 oranında gerilemesi ve özellikle sanayi sektöründe kömür kullanımının azaltıması olduğunu elde etmiştir. Akal (2015) ise çalışmasında, Çin'i, yoğun kömür veya yenilenemez enerji kullanımından dolayı eşlenikleri arasında en az etkin ülke olarak bulmuştur. Doğan ve Tüzer (2011) ise ekonomilerin enerji politikalarını oluştururken fosil yakıt kullanımını azaltmalarını ve çevre dostu enerji kaynaklarına daha fazla önem vermeleri gerektiğini ifade etmiştir.…”

Yükselen Ekonomilerde Enerji Etkinliğini Talep Yanlı Etkileyen Faktörler

“…Yani aşırı üretim enerji israfına neden olacaktır. Örneğin Akal (2015) Çin, ABD, AB ve Japonya arasında, Çin'in aşırı üretim artışının hem kendi hem de AB'nin enerji kullanımında etkinsizliğe yol açan bir yapı olduğunu bulmuştur.…”

Decrease in urban energy intensity: Is there a role for urban spatial structure?

“…Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) requires a greater amount of data, whereas the Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA), being less complicated and more flexible, 14 is a more popular method. A restricted VARX model, 17 a data envelopment analysis, the Malmquist index approach, 18 the autoregressive distributed lagged model, 19 and a panel augmented mean group were also used. A restricted VARX model, 17 a data envelopment analysis, the Malmquist index approach, 18 the autoregressive distributed lagged model, 19 and a panel augmented mean group were also used.…”

“…15 Zaim, Gazel, and Akkemik 16 consider all inputs used in production and correct the bias in traditional energy intensity measure. A restricted VARX model, 17 a data envelopment analysis, the Malmquist index approach, 18 the autoregressive distributed lagged model, 19 and a panel augmented mean group were also used. 5 The literature review points to a lack of empirical research regarding the relationship between the urban energy intensity and urban spatial structure, particularly in China.…”