A Secure Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Protecting Integrity of Digital Images

A Color Image Authentication Scheme With Grayscale Invariance

“…Despite the importance of digital images, the ease of tampering with their content has caused a lot of criminal events relevant to confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the transmitted images. Therefore, many researchers have developed different approaches for authentication of digital images [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…We can leverage from these statistical results to verify whether an image has been tampered or not. The second type of approaches is watermarkbased authentication schemes [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. This type of approaches will first produce a fragile watermark consisting of authentication code generated from some key information of the original image, and then utilize the embedding techniques [19][20][21] to embed the authentication code into the original image to form a marked one.…”

“…The watermark-based authentication techniques can be applied to images of compressed domain [16][17][18] or spatial domain [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The compressed domain methods embed the authentication codes into the compressed data stream while the spatial domain methods embed the authentication code by altering the pixel values.…”

“…There are numerous authentication techniques for grayscale images been proposed thus far in spatial domain [3][4][5][6][7][8]. These embedding techniques can be roughly divided into irrecoverable [3][4][5] and recoverable [6][7][8] schemes. The recoverable schemes not only detect the tampered regions, but also recover tampered regions back to its original content.…”

“…Although the above-mentioned authentication techniques [3][4][5][6][7][8] only apply to grayscale images, they can be easily converted to schemes that apply in color images. Each pixel in a color image consists of three primary color channels: red, green, and blue.…”