A Secure LEACH Protocol for Efficient CH Selection and Secure Data Communication in WSNs

Abstract

Due to the applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in distinct fields, like civilian and military, environmental monitoring, and target tracking, etc., it became the important research area for researchers. Therefore, an efficient organization of network topology is needed for multi-hop data aggregation based on the energy constrained WSNs with large scale deployment for making the routing task simpler, balancing the load efficiently, and enhancing the network lifetime. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is an architecture of application-specific protocol, which is used for WSNs. However, this LEACH protocol suffered from more energy consumption in network without considering the cluster heads (CHs) distribution on a rotation basis. In addition, the complex security mechanisms are not sufficient due to limited bandwidth and other restrictions that the sensor nodes have. Thus, it is essential to improve the energy efficiency, CH stability and secure data transmission in WSN’s, which is the main objective of this work. Motivated from these three challenges, this article proposes a stable and secure LEACH (SS-LEACH), in which a new and improved protocol of LEACH is proposed for enhancing the stability of CH and energy efficiency as it considers the nodes’ consumed energy ratio (CER) for CH selection and random number generation, here after the proposed LEACH is named as CER-LEACH. In addition, it aims to prevent the previously elected CH node and it will get another chance in the current round. This method correlates the threshold used in traditional LEACH with the energy consumption ratio of each node. Further, it also introduces a hybrid reputation-based data transmission (HRDT) scheme for secure data transmission. With the proposed CER-LEACH protocol, WSNs achieves better performance in terms of secured communication, network lifetime, and energy consumption based on the analysis of simulation results as compared to state-of-art approaches.

Spatial Selection-Based Intelligent N-OFDM Signal Processing in Wireless Communication Systems

“…The received information about the directions of arrival of signals allows the proceeding to the next stage of their processing, that is, estimating the general amplitudes of each type of signals. For this purpose, it is advisable to use the proposed procedure in [22]; that is why we introduce the vector of the voltage signals of the spatial receiving channels of the DAAs at separate moments of time at the outputs of the digital diagramming module in the form (5):…”

“…In this case, similar and sometimes identical circuit design solutions are used. This approach prompted a number of prominent scientists to promote the idea of the creation of Integrated Radar-Telecommunication Systems or Redcom Systems [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Such an idea corresponds to the Altshuler and Petrov's law of transition of the system to the super system [10][11][12].…”

“…This law implies that each system integrates with another system after some time, thus creating a new, enriched with additional properties over-the-system. Famous technologies for the creation of Redcom systems are widely described in scientific literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”