A Secured Quantum Two-Bit Commitment Protocol for Communication Systems

Abstract

Bit commitment is an essential primitive in quantum cryptography. It is the basic building block of many cryptographic protocols in which it provides security over distrustful parties. This paper proposes a secured quantum two-bit commitment protocol for any two classical bits. The protocol contains two parties -a committer and a receiver -who share both quantum and classical communication channels. The main phases of this protocol are commitment and revealing phases where the concealing and binding conditions are proved in order to accept the commitment message. The proposed framework utilizes different security layers to hide specific quantum states in a superposition alongside trivial one qubit operations. The secured unitary transformations are applied by the two parties to meet the concealing and binding conditions. To verify the success of the proposed protocol, the measured output of the two parties are compared. The protocol operates under the assumption that the two parties might cheat and the possible existence of an eavesdropper.

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“…Several quantum-based communication solutions in the literature were examined, which encompasses aspects of the development and application of quantum communication technologies. The selected studies have been given an identifier (SID) followed by citation e.g S#[<ref>] as follows: S1(Kozlowski et al, 2020), S2(Abulkasim et al, 2019), S3(Chen et al, 2020), S4(Khawasik et al, 2022), S5(Li et al, 2019), S6(Li et al, 2022), S7(Lou et al, 2019), S8(Ntanos et al, 2021), S9(Pan et al, 2020), S10(N., S11(Zimmer et al, 2021), S12(Tanizawa & Futami, 2020), S13(Tanizawa & Futami, 2022). Four categories were identified and divided into quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, quantum networks and other areas of quantum communication.…”