A selective and highly sensitive high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence derivatization approach based on Sonogashira coupling reaction for determination of ethinyl estradiol in river water samples

4‐Azido‐7‐nitrobenzoxadiazole as innovative clickable fluorescence probe for trace and selective quantification of ethinylestradiol in human plasma

“…The obtained LOD and LOQ values were 7.5 and 25 pg.ml −1 , respectively. It is clear from the obtained results that the developed method exhibited higher sensitivity compared with all reported fluorometric [18, 38, 39] and HPLC‐FLD methods [13–17, 40–42] that succeeded only in analyzing EE in water and food samples and not in plasma samples. At the same time, our method sensitivity was sufficient to cover the plasma concentration ranges required in most pharmacokinetic studies.…”

“…Various fluorescence labelling strategies for improving the sensitivity and detection limits of EE have been reported [13–18]. The reported methods used different reagents including 10‐ethyl‐acridone‐2‐sulfonyl chloride [17], benzimidazo[2,1‐b]quinazoline‐12(6H)‐one‐5‐ethylimidazole ester [15], p ‐nitrobenzoyl chloride [13], 4‐(4, 5‐diphenyl‐1 H‐imidazole‐2‐yl) iodobenzene (DIB‐I) [16] and 3‐azido‐7‐hydroxycoumarin [14]. Unfortunately, the reported agents have some inherent drawbacks including high cost, commercial unavailability, or sophisticated synthesis.…”

“…Various fluorescence labelling strategies for improving the sensitivity and detection limits of EE have been reported [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…4-(4, 5-diphenyl-1 H-imidazole-2-yl) iodobenzene (DIB-I) [16] and 3-azido-7-hydroxycoumarin [14]. Unfortunately, the reported agents have some inherent drawbacks including high cost, commercial unavailability, or sophisticated synthesis.…”

Unique biomedical application of fluorescence derivatization based on palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions for HPLC analysis of pharmaceuticals and biomolecules

“…Thus, based on the Sonogashira coupling reaction and HPLC analysis, our research team has created a highly sensitive and selective precolumn FL derivatization process for ethinyl estradiol. With Pd and copper [Cu(I)] catalysts, the ethinyl group in ethinyl estradiol readily combines with an aryl halide (Ali et al, 2020). The fluorescent aryl halide reagent used in this reaction is DIBI, which was used in our previous Mizoroki-Heck coupling FL derivatization reports.…”