A Self-Standards Model of Cognitive Dissonance

Stone, Jeff; Cooper, Joel

doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1446

Cited by 322 publications

(291 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Brehm, 1956 Importantly, a critical condition that has to be met in order to elicit dissonance is that the choice should be experienced as a free choice (e.g. Brehm, 1956;Stone & Cooper, 2001). Consistent with this interpretation, recent research in monkeys and children, employing a modified version of the spreading of alternatives paradigm, suggests that dissonance in this paradigm is absent after forced choice (Egan, Bloom & Santos, in press).…”

Section: Alternative Explanations and Related Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 93%

When approach motivation and behavioral inhibition collide: Behavior regulation through stimulus devaluation

Veling

Holland

Knippenberg

2008

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

158

224

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. When approach motivation and behavioral inhibition collide: Behavior regulation through stimulus devaluationHarm Veling To cite this version:Harm Veling. When approach motivation and behavioral inhibition collide: Behavior regulation through stimulus devaluation.

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Section: Alternative Explanations and Related Theoriesmentioning

confidence: 93%

When approach motivation and behavioral inhibition collide: Behavior regulation through stimulus devaluation

Veling

Holland

Knippenberg

2008

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

158

224

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Stone and Cooper (2000) propose that dissonance begins when people exhibit behaviour and then access such behaviour against some meaningful criterion of judgment or when an action measured against relevant criterion poses a threaten to oneself. Since over 40 years Leon Festinger published the original theory of cognitive dissonance, scholars have continually debated to refine, complement and/or extend its arousal and reduction in at least three perspectives.…”

Section: Cognitive-dissonance Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, cognitions represent standards or expectancies that facilitate dissonance arousal (Duval and Wicklund, 1972); second, cognitions function as resources for dissonance reduction (Aronson, Cohen, and Nail, 1999), which may be irrational and sometimes maladaptive behaviour; and third, cognitions are irrelevant to the process of dissonance arousal and reduction (Cooper and Fazio, 1984). At least empirical supports for the predictions of the role played by cognition in dissonance process in each perspective exist (Steele, Spencer, and Lynch, 1993) though no consensus exists among scholars as to how self relevant thoughts mediate the arousal and reduction of dissonance (Stone and Cooper, 2000).…”

Section: Cognitive-dissonance Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnitude of dissonance experienced and the probability of action depends on the situation. Self-affirmation theorists maintain that dissonance arousal is a function of threats to globally positive integrity or cohesiveness of the self (Stone and Cooper, 2000). Though self-integrity is often defined vaguely, Aronson, Cohen and Nail (1999) express it in terms of anything that threatens one's positive image, including negative evaluations from others that motivate need for affirmation.…”

Section: Cognitive-dissonance Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; selling out the product in question, dashing it out, throwing it away or returning it to the seller, especially when the seller stimulates repeat behaviour via liberal return policy); and changing cognition to increase cognitive overlap or to psychologically decrease the attractiveness of the rejected alternative(s) and increase the attractiveness of the chosen. Stone and Cooper (2000) write on self-affirmation paradigm; they opine that affirmation/consonance occurs when focus on discrepancy between actual behaviour and stipulated standards is swept aside by the accessibility of positive self-attributes that were irrelevant to the behavioural discrepancy in question. Instead of reducing dissonance by changing cognitions relevant to discrepant action, Stone et al (1997) posit that affirmation/consonance occurs when new cognition about oneself distracts people from thinking about the dissonant act.…”

Section: The Individuals/consumersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Consistency in Purchase Behaviour: Theoretical & Empirical Analyses

Awa¹,

Nwuche²

2010

IJPS

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The fundamental thrust of consistency theories is to enforce equilibrium among one's cognitions. Man seeks haemostatic states among his cognitive elements or avoids conflicting stimuli. He loves the familiar; the unfamiliar is always discomforting and disturbing though common knowledge tells us that actual behaviour turns what seems novel at the pre-decision stage into familiar following series of learning and experience. The Heider's balance theory, Osgood's congruity model and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory are the three popular schools of thought that provide the foundational theories of cognitive consistency This paper critically analyzed and synthesized the major theoretical and empirical body of knowledge of these schools with a view to proffering a tripartite approach (involving the consumers, the organizations and the governments) to solving inconsistency among cognitive elements (e.g.; values, beliefs, knowledge and attitudes). These schools were specifically looked into and assessed in terms of their individual real world application and/or empirical fertility. Each represents an improvement upon the other with Festinger's theory providing the most elaborate perspective of emphasizing on psychological tension and means of achieving consistency within and between the cognitive system and ultimately overt and covert behaviours.

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Persuasion and Attitude Change

Petty

Wheeler

Tormala

2003

Handbook of Psychology

158

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This chapter reviews contemporary issues in attitudes and persuasion. We describe controversies regarding the underlying bases of attitudes and the debate over whether attitudes are stored memorial representations or constructed on the spot. We review the notion of implicit attitudes with particular attention paid to the various ways in which researchers conceptualize this construct. Next, we review current research on attitude change using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) as an organizing framework. The ELM postulates that various motivational and ability factors affect the likelihood of thinking about a persuasive message in either a relatively objective or a biased way. When the likelihood of thinking is low, processing such as classical conditioning, affective priming, mere exposure, balance, self‐perception, persuasion heuristics influence. When the likelihood of thinking is high, more cognitively effortful processes are responsible for attitude change. When thinking is high, the number, valence, and confidence in thoughts are important determinants of persuasion. Attitude change can occur in the absence of an explicit persuasive message as research on role playing, mere thought, and dissonance processes demonstrate. A number of theories describe the processes by which information is integrated and combined into an overall summary evaluation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether attitudes literally change, or whether old and new attitudes can coexist and jointly influence behavior.

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A Self-Standards Model of Cognitive Dissonance

Cited by 322 publications

References 57 publications

When approach motivation and behavioral inhibition collide: Behavior regulation through stimulus devaluation

When approach motivation and behavioral inhibition collide: Behavior regulation through stimulus devaluation

Cognitive Consistency in Purchase Behaviour: Theoretical & Empirical Analyses

Persuasion and Attitude Change

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