A semi-distributed ntegrated itrogen model for multiple source assessment in tchments (INCA): Part I — model structure and process equations

Whitehead, Paul; Wilson, E. J.; Butterfield, D.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00037-0

Cited by 344 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…where xt is the live phytoplankton concentration for a specific phytoplankton group (cells ml -1 ) at the time-step t, xIN is the upstream phytoplankton concentration flowing into the reach (cells ml -1 ), Tc is the residence time (s) (Whitehead et al, 1998a, kdeath is the maximum death rate at 20°C, (day -1 ), kgrowth is the maximum growth rate at 20C (day -1 ). CFT is a water temperature control factor, CFP is a phosphorus concentration control factor, CFRAD is a solar radiation control factor, CFSS is a self-shading control factor and CFSi is a silicon concentration control factor (for more details about the formulation of these factors see Whitehead et al, 2015).…”

Section: Phytoplankton Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of climate change, land-use change and phosphorus reduction on phytoplankton in the River Thames (UK)

Bussi

Whitehead

Bowes

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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Article (refereed) -postprintBussi, Gianbattista; Whitehead, Paul G.; Bowes, Michael J.; Read, Daniel S.; Prudhomme, Christel; Dadson, Simon J. 2016. Impacts of climate change, land-use change and phosphorus reduction on phytoplankton in the River Thames (UK).Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. AbstractPotential increases of phytoplankton concentrations in river systems due to global warming and changing climate could pose a serious threat to the anthropogenic use of surface waters. Nevertheless, the extent of the effect of climatic alterations on phytoplankton concentrations in river systems has not yet been analysed in detail. In this study, we assess the impact of a change in precipitation and temperature on river phytoplankton concentration by means of a physically-based model. A scenarioneutral methodology has been employed to evaluate the effects of climate alterations on flow, phosphorus concentration and phytoplankton concentration of the River Thames (southern England).In particular, five groups of phytoplankton are considered, representing a range of size classes and pigment phenotypes, under three different land-use/land-management scenarios to assess their impact on phytoplankton population levels. The model results are evaluated within the framework of future climate projections, using the UK Climate Projections 09 (UKCP09) for the 2030s. The results of the model demonstrate that an increase in average phytoplankton concentration due to climate change is highly likely to occur, with the magnitude varying depending on the location along the River Thames. Cyanobacteria show significant increases under future climate change and land use change. An expansion of intensive agriculture accentuates the growth in phytoplankton, especially in the upper reaches of the River Thames. However, an optimal phosphorus removal mitigation strategy, which combines reduction of fertiliser application and phosphorus removal from wastewater, can help to reduce this increase in phytoplankton concentration, and in some cases, compensate for the effect of rising temperature.

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Section: Phytoplankton Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of climate change, land-use change and phosphorus reduction on phytoplankton in the River Thames (UK)

Bussi

Whitehead

Bowes

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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“…We suggest the relationship between mean annual NO 3 − concentrations and N 2 O emissions presented here (Table 4; based on streams in Mexico, the midwestern United States, southern Canada and Japan) may provide the foundation for development of an alternative IPCC method. The observed N 2 O-NO 3 − relationship could be incorporated into riverine nutrient models [e.g., Whitehead et al, 1998], allowing large-scale estimates of N 2 O fluxes. These fluxes could then be attributed to different nations based on their contributions to riverine nitrogen loading.…”

Section: Annual N 2 O Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen enrichment and the emission of nitrous oxide from streams

Baulch¹,

Schiff²,

Maranger³

et al. 2011

Global Biogeochem. Cycles

125

101

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[1] Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a potent greenhouse gas produced during nitrogen cycling. Global nitrogen enrichment has resulted in increased atmospheric N 2 O concentrations due in large part to increased soil emissions. There is also a potentially important flux from streams, rivers and estuaries; although measurements of these emissions are sparse, and role of aquatic ecosystems in global N 2 O budgets remains highly uncertain. Using the longest-term measurements of N 2 O fluxes from streams to date, we found annual fluxes from 14 sites in five streams of south-central Ontario, Canada varied widely-from net uptake of 3.2 ± 0.2 (standard deviation) mmol N 2 O m −2 d −1 to net release of 776 ± 61 mmol N 2 O m −2 d −1 . N 2 O consumption was associated with very low nitrate concentrations (<2.7 mM). Mean annual (log-transformed) N 2 O emissions from our study streams (across sites and years) were positively related to nitrate concentrations (r 2 = 0.59).This nitrate-N 2 O relationship can be generalized across all 20 streams (in Canada, Japan, Mexico, and the midwestern United States) for which published data now exist and could provide a new basis for the IPCC to calculate agricultural emissions from streams. In addition to predicting annual emissions, we present the first measurements of N 2 O concentrations under ice in streams. Nitrate was a strong predictor of N 2 O % saturation during periods of ice cover (r 2 = 0.89), when gas exchange is negligible. Given the small surface area of streams within a catchment and the fact our measured areal fluxes are comparable to reported fluxes from agricultural soils, this suggests streams are a small regional N 2 O source.Citation: Baulch, H. M., S. L. Schiff, R. Maranger, and P. J. Dillon (2011), Nitrogen enrichment and the emission of nitrous oxide from streams, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 25, GB4013,

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“…Deterministic, spatially detailed catchment models (for example, SWAT (Arnold and others 1998), SWIM (Krysanova and others 1998), INCA (Whitehead andothers 1998), HBV-N (Arheimer andBrandt 1998) are applied at large-scale drainage basins (up to several 100,000 km 2 ) to quantify nitrogen uptake and removal in a spatially distributed way (Sahu and Gu 2009;Lam and others 2010;Ficklin and others 2013;Poudel and others 2013). …”

Section: Model-based Upscaling Of Local Nitrate Removal Capacitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upscaling Nitrogen Removal Capacity from Local Hotspots to Low Stream Orders’ Drainage Basins

et al. 2015

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Denitrification is the main process removing nitrate in river drainage basins and buffer input from agricultural land and limits aquatic ecosystem pollution. However, the identification of denitrification hotspots (for example, riparian zones), their role in a landscape context and the evolution of their overall removal capacity at the drainage basin scale are still challenging. The main approaches used (that is, mass balance method, denitrification proxies, and potential wetted areas) suffer from methodological drawbacks. We review these approaches and the key frameworks that have been proposed to date to formalize the understanding of the mechanisms driving denitrification: (i) Diffusion versus advection pathways of nitrate transfer, (ii) the biogeochemical hotspot, and (iii) the Damkö hler ratio. Based on these frameworks, we propose to use high-resolution mapping of catchment topography and landscape pattern to define both potential denitrification sites and the dynamic hydrologic modeling at a similar spatial scale (<10 km 2 ). It would allow the quantification of cumulative denitrification activity at the small catchment scale, using spatially distributed Damkö hler and Peclet numbers and biogeochemical proxies. Integration of existing frameworks with new tools and methods offers the potential for significant breakthroughs in the quantification and modeling of denitrification in small drainage basins. This can provide a basis for improved protection and restoration of surface water and groundwater quality.

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A semi-distributed ntegrated itrogen model for multiple source assessment in tchments (INCA): Part I — model structure and process equations

Cited by 344 publications

References 28 publications

Impacts of climate change, land-use change and phosphorus reduction on phytoplankton in the River Thames (UK)

Impacts of climate change, land-use change and phosphorus reduction on phytoplankton in the River Thames (UK)

Nitrogen enrichment and the emission of nitrous oxide from streams

Upscaling Nitrogen Removal Capacity from Local Hotspots to Low Stream Orders’ Drainage Basins

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