A Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Solution Polymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Procaine Detection

Abstract

A sensitive and selective method for the determination of procaine hydrochloride using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) modified glassy carbon electrodes was developed. The MIPs were prepared by solution polymerization using procaine hydrochloride as the template molecules and acrylic acid (AA) and vinyltriethoxysilane (WD‐20) as the functional monomer and cross‐linking agent, respectively. A film was formed on the surface of the glassy carbon electrodes and later cross‐linked with ethanol as solvent. Next, these electrodes were employed to detect procaine hydrochloride by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the optimized conditions, good linearity (correlation coefficient of 0.9986) was observed between the oxidation peak current and the concentration of procaine hydrochloride in the range of 4.0×10−8 to 2.4×10−5 M in a pH 7.0 0.04 M phosphate buffer solution, and the detection limit (S/N=3) was 1.02×10−8 M. In addition, the stability and reproducibility of the sensors were satisfactory. Moreover, the concentration of procaine hydrochloride in human blood serum samples was detected, and its recoveries ranged from 97.5 % to 106.4 % with RSD less than 2.15 %. These results suggest that the prepared molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors can be used for the determination of procaine in clinical studies.

Synthesis of a Novel [diresorcinate‐1,10‐phenanthrolinecobalt(II)] Complex, and Potentiodynamic Fabrication of Poly(DHRPCo)/GCE for Selective Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of Procaine Penicillin G in Pharmaceutical and Biological Fluid Samples

“…Procaine and penicillin G are reported separately as electroactive species that appear between 0.9‐1.0 V, [13,35] and 1.5–1.6 V, [4] respectively, Appearance of a single oxidative peak at about 0.95 V, which is characteristic potential for procaine, [35] without a peak for penicillin G at its characteristic potential at all electrodes is speculated due to possible alteration of electroactivity penicillin G by the procaine (Figure 4A). As the Pro, and PenG are contained in ProPenG in a 1 : 1 mole ratio, amount of ProPenG in a sample in this study is thus monitored in terms of amount of the detected electroactive Pro.…”

Fabrication of Hypericin Imprinted Polymer Nanospheres via Thiol-Yne Click Reaction

“…To this end, new synthetic methodologies have been important research topics in the past two decades [ 13 ]. Consequently, several methods have been successfully established for the fabrication of spherical MIPs beads, including inverse suspension polymerization [ 20 ], emulsion polymerization [ 21 ], solution polymerization [ 22 ], multi-step swelling polymerization [ 23 ], and precipitation polymerization [ 13 , 24 ]. However, these methods are either complicated in manipulation, require a long time to complete polymerization, or require surfactants (which are difficult to remove from MIPs) to prevent aggregation of polymer particles formed in the process of polymerization.…”

Morphine Sensing by a Green Modified Molecularly Imprinted Poly L‐Lysine/Sodium Alginate‐activated Carbon/Glassy Carbon Electrode Based on Computational Design

“…Consequently, they seem excellent tools to be used as selective elements in sensors due to their high attraction toward the template molecules . Electropolymerization has proved to be a superb choice to invent MIP electrochemical sensors . It allows controlling the polymers thickness and morphology.…”